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Psychoacoustic research suggests that judgments of perceived loudness change differ significantly between sounds with continuous increases and decreases of acoustic intensity, often referred to as "up-ramps" and "down-ramps." The magnitude and direction of this difference, in turn, appears to depend on focused attention and the specific task performed by the listeners. This has led to the suspicion that cognitive processes play an important role in the development of the observed context effects. The present study addressed this issue by exploring neural correlates of context-dependent loudness judgments. Normal hearing listeners continuously judged the loudness of complex-tone sequences which slowly changed in level over time while auditory fMRI was performed. Regression models that included information either about presented sound levels or about individual loudness judgments were used to predict activation throughout the brain. Our psychoacoustical data confirmed robust effects of the direction of intensity change on loudness judgments. Specifically, stimuli were judged softer when following a down-ramp, and louder in the context of an up-ramp. Levels and loudness estimates significantly predicted activation in several brain areas, including auditory cortex. However, only activation in nonauditory regions was more accurately predicted by context-dependent loudness estimates as compared with sound levels, particularly in the orbitofrontal cortex and medial temporal areas. These findings support the idea that cognitive aspects contribute to the generation of context effects with respect to continuous loudness judgments.Telomeres consist of repetitive DNA sequences and telomere-associated proteins. Telomeres located at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes undergo shortening due to DNA replication, genotoxic factors and reactive oxygen species. The short telomeres are elongated by the enzyme telomerase expressed in the germ line, embryonic and stem cells. Telomerase is in the structure of ribonucleoprotein composed of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), telomerase RNA component (Terc) and other components. Among telomere-associated proteins, telomeric repeat binding factor 1 (TRF1) and 2 (TRF2) exclusively bind to the double-stranded telomeric DNA to regulate its length. However, protection of telomeres 1 (POT1) interacts with the single-stranded telomeric DNA to protect from DNA damage response. Herein, we characterised the spatial and temporal expression of the TERT, TRF1, TRF2 and POT1 proteins in the postnatal mouse testes at the ages of 6, 8, 16, 20, 29, 32 and 88 days by using immunohistochemistry. Significant differences in the spatiotemporal expression patterns and levels of these proteins were determined in the postnatal testes (p less then .05). These findings indicate that TERT and telomere repeat binding proteins seem to be required for maintaining the length and structural integrity of telomeres in the spermatogenic cells from newborn to adult terms.Training of quack nurses by health care workers across all levels in Nigeria is gradually becoming the new normal and major malpractice worsening the country's health care system. This article addresses the causes and effects of this malpractice. The proliferation of quackery in the nursing profession can be linked to many sources. This includes doctors and nurses' greed and selfishness in the need to make mega-profits from practice in private hospitals and clinics; lack of political will and commitment towards the health sector; poor regulation and routine supervision by professional associations; ignorance and misinformation. Effects of training quacks include increase maternal and childhood mortality, increase unemployment rate of registered nurses and midwifery, discredit medical and nursing education, poor treatment outcome and weakened healthcare system. Recommended solutions are improving state health insurance, improving financial coverage, enforcing the law against quackery and increase awareness in local communities.Herbivorous primates present a selective consumption profile and morphological adaptations to use the fibrous fraction of their diets. Brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba) are generalist herbivores; however, when kept under human care, they usually receive diets rich in fruits and with insufficient amounts of fiber. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in howlers on apparent total tract digestibility coefficients (ATTDC), fecal consistency, and intestinal fermentation products. A group of 26 adult howler monkeys, 13 males and 13 females, were fed two diets formulated to have 33% or 40% NDF for 11 days, according to a randomized block design (N = 26). The block factor was the enclosures with one, two, or three individuals (each enclosure corresponded to an experimental unit), totaling in eight replicates per treatment. There were no differences in dry matter and nutrients intake between treatments (p > 0.05). The diet with 33% NDF resulted in higher (p  less then  0.05) ATTDC of crude protein and crude energy. However, lower fecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and dry matter were observed in the treatment with 33% NDF in contrast to the 40% NDF group (p  less then  0.05). We recommend the inclusion of higher fiber levels (40% NDF) in the diet of howler monkeys since there is evidence of greater production of SCFA and improvement in fecal consistency.
Studies on the acute management of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants reveal a high incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in infants with high-grade internal cerebral vein perfusion waveform fluctuations. selleck chemicals In this prospective observational study, we investigated the Doppler perfusion waveform fluctuations in the great cerebral vein, straight sinus, and internal cerebral veins of ELBW infants.

We evaluated perfusion waveforms post-birth every 12 hours until 120 hours in 73 ELBW infants (<1000 g) at our hospital. Fluctuations were categorized into four patterns of increasing magnitude, Grade 0-3.

The maximum grade of perfusion waveform fluctuations of the internal cerebral veins was 0, 1, 2, and 3 detected in 12, 38, 13, and 10 infants, respectively; that of the great cerebral vein was 0, 1, 2, and 3 detected in 5, 17, 20, and 31 infants, respectively; and that of the straight sinus was 0, 1, 2, and 3 detected in 1, 5, 17, and 50 infants, respectively. Only 1 of 803 simultaneous measurements of the Doppler perfusion waveforms showed stronger fluctuations of the peripheral vein than those of the central side veins.
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