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Included CGH/WES Looks at Advance Idea of Aggressive Neuroblastoma Advancement: In a situation Study.
A new begomovirus, tentatively named hibiscus yellow vein leaf curl virus (HYVLCV), was identified in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis plants showing symptoms of leaf curl, yellow vein, and vein enation on the undersides of the leaf in Taiwan. Sequence analysis of the full-length HYVLCV genome from the rolling cycle amplicon revealed a genome of 2,740 nucleotides that contains six open reading frames and a conserved sequence (5'-TAATATTAC-3') commonly found in geminiviral genomes. HYVLCV shares the highest nucleotide identity (88.8%) with cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV) genome, which is lower than the criteria (91%) set for species demarcation in the genus Begomovirus. No begomoviral DNA-B was detected; however, a begomovirus-associated DNA betasatellite (DNA-β) was detected. The DNA-β (1,355 nucleotides) shares the highest nucleotide identity (78.6%) with malvastrum yellow vein betasatellite (MaYVB). Because the identity is slightly higher than the criteria (78%) set for the species demarcation threshold for a distinct DNA-β species, the DNA-β of HYVLCV reported in this study is considered the same species of MaYVB and tentatively named MaYVB-Hib. An expected 1,498-bp fragment was amplified with two HYVLCV-specific primers from 10 of 11 field-collected samples. Four independent amplicons were sequenced, revealing 100% nucleotide identity with the HYVLCV genome. Agroinoculation of a dimer of the infectious monopartite genome alone to Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in mild symptoms at 28 days postinoculation (dpi); coagroinoculation with the DNA-β satellite resulted in severe symptoms at 12 dpi. HYVLCV could be transmitted to healthy H. this website rosa-sinensis by grafting, resulting in yellow vein symptoms at 30 dpi.From September to December 2018, commercial button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) farms in central Iran were surveyed to monitor the causal agent(s) of browning and blotch symptoms on mushroom caps. In addition to dozens of pseudomonads (i.e., Pseudomonas tolaasii and Pseudomonas reactans), six slow-growing gram-positive bacterial strains were isolated from blotched mushroom caps. These bacteria presented as creamy white, circular, smooth, nonfluorescent, and shiny colonies with whole margins resembling members of Microbacteriaceae (Actinobacteria). All of the actinobacterial strains were aggressively pathogenic on cut cap surface of two edible mushrooms (i.e., A. bisporus and Pleurotus eryngii), inducing brown pit symptoms 48 h postinoculation. The strains did not induce symptoms on the vegetables tested (i.e., carrot, cucumber, and potato), and they did not affect the growth of mycelium of tested plant-pathogenic fungi (i.e., Acremonium sp., Fusarium spp., and Phytopythium sp.). Phylogeny of 16S ribosomal RNA and multilocus sequence analysis of six housekeeping genes (i.e., atpD, dnaK, gyrB, ppK, recA, and rpoB) revealed that the bacterial strains belong to the actinobacterial genus Mycetocola spp., whereas the species status of the strains remains undetermined. Mushroom-associated Mycetocola species were previously reported to be capable of detoxifying tolaasin, a toxin produced by P. tolaasii, whereas the strains isolated in this study did not show tolaasin detoxification activities. Altogether, this is the first report of a mushroom disease caused by an actinobacterial species, and "bacterial brown pit" was assigned as the common name of the disease.Leaf spot diseases caused by Alternaria species have been reported worldwide in plants in the Brassicaceae family. However, there is little information on Alternaria species causing diseases in horseradish. In the present study, 89 Alternaria spp. isolates from Armoracia rusticana, sampled from nine districts in Serbia, were characterized based on their morphology, physiology, and molecular markers. Morphological characterization and molecular analyses based on ITS, GAPDH, Alt a1, and PM-ATP sequences identified three distinct species associated with the disease Alternaria brassicae, A. brassicicola, and A. alternata. For all species, growth and sporulation rates at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C showed a quadratic response, with A. alternata having the widest temperature optimum (20 to 30°C) while A. brassicicola had higher optimum temperatures (20 to 25°C) than A. brassicae (15 to 20°C). To gain a better understanding of the pathogenicity of these species, the influence of leaf age, host susceptibility, and ability to infect artificially wounded and nonwounded leaves were tested. The pathogenicity test identified A. brassicicola and A. brassicae as the main causal agents of horseradish leaf spot disease. Results indicated that young and intact leaves of horseradish and cabbage were less susceptible to infection and also suggested the potential for cross-infection between these two hosts. Haplotype networks showed haplotype uniformity for A. brassicae, two haplotype groups of A. brassicicola, and eight haplotype groups of A. alternata in Serbia and suggest the possible association of some haplotypes with the geographic area. This study is the first to investigate Alternaria leaf spot disease on A. rusticana in Serbia and is the first record of A. brassicicola on horseradish in this country.Minnesota and North Dakota combined contain 55% of the sugar beet production area in the United States, contributing to 49% of the nation's sugar beet production in 2018. Fusarium diseases caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. betae and F. secorum on sugar beet can cause significant reduction in both root yield and sucrose concentration and purity. The objective of this research was to identify an alternative artificial inoculation method to induce Fusarium diseases on sugar beet leaves and roots caused by both Fusarium spp. in greenhouse conditions to better aid in research efforts. We tested four inoculation methods, including barley to seed, barley to root, drenching, and cutting. and compared them with the conventional root-dipping inoculation method. The inoculation method of placing Fusarium-colonized barley seed close to sugar beet seed (barley to seed) caused levels of symptom severities on both leaves and roots similar to the root-dipping method. Because the traditional root-dipping method involves a laborious transplant process, use of infected barley seed as inoculum may serve as an alternative method in the evaluation of host resistance and pathogen virulence among Fusarium diseases by Fusarium spp.
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