Notes

MPK3- and also MPK6-mediated VLN3 phosphorylation adjusts actin character during stomatal immunity within Arabidopsis.
Intracranial arachnoid cysts are a common incidental finding; however presentation with cyst rupture is a recognised complication. Patients are advised to avoid contact sports to reduce the risk of cyst rupture but the risk of rupture is not currently known. The aim of this study is to describe a single institution's experience of managing ruptured intra-cranial arachnoid cysts.

A retrospective case note review of all patients admitted to a single institution with a ruptured intra-cranial arachnoid cyst between 2005 and 2016 (inclusive). Medical records were reviewed for demographics, history of trauma, surgical treatment and radiological evidence of cyst rupture.

Fourteen patients were identified for inclusion with an average age of 23.4 years (range 7-57) and 10 (71%) were male. Nine patients (64%) had a documented history of head trauma. Eleven patients (78.6%) required neurosurgical intervention which included hygroma/haematoma evacuation only (
 = 5), haematoma evacuation with cyst fenestration (
 = 4) and cyst fenestration/shunting only (
 = 2). Twelve patients (85%) experienced full recovery and the remaining two had persisting headaches or neurological symptoms.

Cyst rupture remains an uncommon cause for presentation with arachnoid cysts. However the majority are associated with head trauma and thus current advice to avoid contact sports seems justified.
Cyst rupture remains an uncommon cause for presentation with arachnoid cysts. However the majority are associated with head trauma and thus current advice to avoid contact sports seems justified.Introduction Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive primary liver malignancy with abysmal prognosis and increasing global incidence. Individuals afflicted with CCA often remain asymptomatic until late stages of disease, resulting in very limited possibilities for therapeutic intervention. Naphazoline datasheet The emergence of numerous preclinical models in vitro and in vivo has expanded the tool kit for CCA researchers; nonetheless, how these tools can be best applied to understand CCA biology and accelerate drug development requires further scrutiny.Areas covered The paper reviews the literature on animal and organoid models of CCA (available through PubMed between September 2020 and January 2021) and examines their investigational role in CCA therapeutics. Finally, the potential of these systems for screening therapeutics to improve CCA patient outcomes is illuminated.Expert Opinion The expansion of CCA models has yielded a diverse and interesting tool kit for preclinical research. However, investigators should consider which tools are best suited to answer key preclinical questions for real progress. A combination of advanced in vitro cell systems and in vivo testing will be necessary to accelerate translational medicine in cholangiocarcinoma.
This phase I study (RAD1901-005; NCT02338349) evaluated elacestrant, an investigational oral selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD), in heavily pretreated women with estrogen receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer, including those with estrogen receptor gene alpha (
) mutation. The primary objective was to determine the maximum tolerated dose and/or recommended phase II dose (RP2D).

The study consisted of a 3 + 3 design (elacestrant capsules) followed by expansion at RP2D (400-mg capsules, then 400-mg tablets) for the evaluation of safety and antitumor activity. Elacestrant was taken once daily until progression or intolerability.

Of 57 postmenopausal women enrolled, 50 received RP2D (400 mg once daily) median age, 63 years; median three prior anticancer therapies, including cyclin-dependent kinase 4,6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i; 52%), SERD (52%), and
mutation (circulating tumor DNA; 50%). No dose-limiting toxicities occurred; the most common advet versus standard endocrine therapy is ongoing.
Elacestrant 400 mg orally once daily has an acceptable safety profile and demonstrated single-agent activity with confirmed partial responses in heavily pretreated patients with estrogen receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer. Notably, responses were observed in patients with ESR1 mutation as well as those with prior CDK4/6i and prior SERD. A phase III trial investigating elacestrant versus standard endocrine therapy is ongoing.
To explore possible risk factors for poor outcomes following percutaneous vertebroplasty (PV) for painful osteoporotic compression fractures of thoracolumbar vertebra.

This was a retrospective review of data from patients who underwent PV at our institution over a ten-year period to evaluate the association between possible risk factors and thoracolumbar pain (T11-L2). According to the difference between pre- and post-operative visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for pain, patients were separated into poor relief (PR; <4) and good relief (GR; ≥4) of pain.

Of the 750 patients identified, 630 (PR group,
=310; GR group,
 = 320) fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Multivariate binary logistic analysis showed that bone mineral density (BMD), >2 fractured vertebral bodies, maldistribution of bone cement, <5 ml bone cement injected into a single vertebral body and thoracolumbar fascia injury prior to surgery were independent risk factors associated with thoracolumbar pain following PV.

Although prospective controlled studies are required to confirm our results, this review suggests that the above factors should be taken into account when selecting patients for PV.
Although prospective controlled studies are required to confirm our results, this review suggests that the above factors should be taken into account when selecting patients for PV.Magnetic resonance neurography allows for the selective visualization of peripheral nerves and is increasingly being investigated. Whereas in the past, the imaging of the extracranial cranial and occipital nerve branches was inadequate, more and more techniques are now available that do allow nerve imaging. This basic review provides an overview of the literature with current state of the art, anatomical landmarks and future perspectives. Furthermore, we illustrate the possibilities of the three-dimensional CRAnial Nerve Imaging (3D CRANI) MR-sequence by means of a few case studies.
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