Notes

Fulvic acidity speeds up hatching as well as induces antioxidative defense and the innate resistant reply within zebrafish caterpillar.
The mechanisms which are responsible for the selective vulnerability of specific neuronal populations in Parkinson's disease are poorly understood. Oxidative stress secondary to brain iron accumulation is one postulated mechanism. We measured iron deposition in 180 cortical regions in 96 patients with Parkinson's disease and 35 controls using quantitative susceptibility mapping. We estimated the expression of 15 745 genes in the same regions using transcriptomic data from the Allen Human Brain Atlas. check details Using partial least squares regression, we then identified the profile of gene transcription in the healthy brain that underlies increased cortical iron in patients with Parkinson's disease relative to controls. With gene ontological tools, we investigated the biological processes and cell types associated with this transcriptomic profile. We identified the sets of genes whose spatial expression profiles in control brains correlated significantly with the spatial pattern of cortical iron deposition in Parkinson's disease. Gene ontological analyses revealed that these genes were enriched for biological processes relating to heavy metal detoxification, synaptic function and nervous system development and were predominantly expressed in astrocytes and glutamatergic neurons. We also show that genes found to be differentially expressed in Parkinson's disease play a role in explaining the pattern of cortical expression we identified. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into regional selective vulnerabilities in Parkinson's disease, particularly into processes involving iron accumulation.Olfactory communication is an important mediator of social interactions in mammals, thought to provide information about an individual's identity and current social, reproductive, and health status. In comparison with other taxa such as carnivores and rodents, few studies have examined primate olfactory communication. Tamarins (Callitrichidae) conspicuously deposit odorous secretions, produced by specialized scent glands, in their environment. In this study, we combined behavioral and chemical data on captive cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus oedipus, and bearded emperor tamarins, S. imperator subgrisescens, to examine the role of olfactory communication in the advertisement of species, sex, and reproductive status. We observed no difference in scent-marking behavior between species; however, females marked more frequently than males, and reproductive individuals more than non-reproductive ones. In addition, tamarins predominantly used their anogenital gland when scent-marking, followed by the suprapubic gland. We collected swabs of naturally deposited tamarin anogenital scent marks, and analyzed these samples using headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Despite a limited sample size, we established differences in tamarin anogenital mark chemical composition between species, sex and reproductive status, and identified 41 compounds. The compounds identified, many of which have been reported in previous work on mammalian semiochemistry, form targets for future bioassay studies to identify semiochemicals. Our non-invasive method for collecting deposited scent marks makes it a promising method for the study of olfactory communication in scent-marking animal species, applicable to field settings and for the study of elusive animals.
Does pituitary response to a GnRH stimulation test differ according to the different FSHB-211 G/T genotypes?

The promoter polymorphism FSHB-211 G > T affects the pituitary response to exogenous GnRH stimulation by reducing FSH and increasing LH outputs.

The FSHB-211 G > T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is known to affect pituitary FSH output by impairing the transcriptional activity of FSHB.

This was a cross-sectional, retrospective study on 67 male subjects (mean age 24.6 ± 10.3 years) undergoing a GnRH stimulation test for diagnostic purposes in cases of secondary hypogonadism.

A GnRH stimulation test was performed by administering an i.v. bolus of 100 µg of the GnRH-analogue gonadorelin acetate to all patients, with blood samples drawn from the cubital vein immediately prior to injection (T0) and 30 (T1) and 45 minutes (T2) after. Clinical and genetic data were retrieved from a computerized database. Linear longitudinal mixed-effect models were used to assess the effects of SNP genotyuld be interpreted with caution.

The FSHB c.-211G>T polymorphism might result in an impaired response to endogenous, as well as exogenous, GnRH stimulation. This finding might contribute to the clinical phenotype of reduced testicular volume and sperm count for patients carrying one or two T alleles.

Parts of the study were supported by the German Research Foundation (CRU326 Male Germ Cells). On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

NA.
NA.T-type calcium channels (Cav3.1 to Cav3.3) regulate low-threshold calcium spikes, burst firing and rhythmic oscillations of neurons and are involved in sensory processing, sleep, and hormone and neurotransmitter release. Here we examined four heterozygous missense variants in CACNA1I, encoding the Cav3.3 channel, in patients with variable neurodevelopmental phenotypes. The p.(Ile860Met) variant, affecting a residue in the putative channel gate at the cytoplasmic end of the IIS6 segment, was identified in three family members with variable cognitive impairment. The de novo p.(Ile860Asn) variant, changing the same amino acid residue, was detected in a patient with severe developmental delay and seizures. In two additional individuals with global developmental delay, hypotonia, and epilepsy the variants p.(Ile1306Thr) and p.(Met1425Ile), substituting residues at the cytoplasmic ends of IIIS5 and IIIS6, respectively, were found. Because structure modelling indicated that the amino acid substitutions differentiallnts lower the threshold and increase the duration and frequency of action potential firing. Expressing the CaV3.3-I860N/M mutants in mouse chromaffin cells shifted the mode of firing from low-threshold spikes and rebound burst firing with wild-type CaV3.3 to slow oscillations with CaV3.3-I860N and an intermediate firing mode with CaV3.3-I860M, respectively. Such neuronal hyper-excitability could explain seizures in the patient with the p.(Ile860Asn) mutation. Thus, our study implicates CACNA1I gain-of-function mutations in neurodevelopmental disorders, with a phenotypic spectrum ranging from borderline intellectual functioning to a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with epilepsy.
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