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The actual 'comeback' involving Selinexor: From toxic to tolerable.
Overall, the results of this study enable the economical and safe reuse of excess sludge generated during biological wastewater treatment.Widespread wastewater pollution is one of the greatest challenges threatening the sustainable management of rivers globally. Understanding microbial responses to gradients in environmental stressors, such as wastewater pollution, is crucial to identify thresholds of community change and to develop management strategies that protect ecosystem integrity. This study used multiple lines of empirical evidence, including a novel combination of microbial ecotoxicology methods in the laboratory and field to link pressure-stressor-response relationships. Specifically, community-based whole effluent toxicity (WET) testing and environmental genomics were integrated to determine real-world community interactions, shifts and functional change in response to wastewater pollution. Here we show that wastewater effluents above moderate (>10%) concentrations caused consistent significant shifts in bacterial community structure and function. These thresholds of community shifts were also linked to changes in the trophic state of receiving waters in terms of nutrient concentrations. Differences in the community responses along the effluent concentration gradient were primarily driven by two globally relevant bacterial indicator taxa, namely Malikia spp. (Burkholderiales) and hgcI_clade (Frankiales). Species replacement occurred above moderate effluent concentrations with abundances of Malikia spp. increasing, while abundances of hgcI_clade decreased. The responses of Malikia spp. and hgcI_clade matched gene patterns associated with globally important nitrogen cycling pathways, such as denitrification and nitrogen fixation, which linked the core individual taxa to putative function and ecosystem processes, rarely achieved in previous studies. This study has identified potential indicators of change in trophic status and the functional consequences of wastewater pollution. These findings have immediate implications for both the management of environmental stressors and protection of aquatic ecosystems.In low-strength ammonium wastewater (LSAWW) treatment, the application of anammox-based process is still limited due to extreme instability and the poor nitrogen removal rate (NRR). In this work, granule sludge, comprised of functional microbes and hydroxyapatite (HAP), was inoculated and cultivated in a one-stage partial nitritation/anammox (PNA) reactor for LSAWW treatment. The results showed that at the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of about 1.0 h and the influent ammonium concentration of 63.0 mg/L, an average NRR of 1.28 kg/m3/d was achieved, which far exceeds that reported in similar studies. The main inorganic matter in sludge was identified as HAP through the X-ray diffractometer and Raman spectrum analysis. The tomographic images of wet granule created through computed tomography revealed that the interior density of the granules was uneven and many hollow structures existed in the granule interior. Combined with the Scanning Electron Microscope images of dry granules, it was found that the granules were comprised of hollow sub-granules. Since the biomass in the reactor increased with no obvious increase in the granule size, it was inferred that the hollow sub-granules had fragile connections with each other and that granules division occurred easily, resulting in the high dispersity of sludge. Florescence in situ hybridization results also showed that the ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and anammox bacteria were mainly distributed in the two sides of the sub-granule shells and the HAP in the middle. This kind of structure raised the density of granules and improved the settleability of sludge, which made it possible to achieve a high biomass in the reactor at a short HRT. Therefore, the sludge formed in the reactor was concentrated, highly dispersive and easily settleable. These factors appear to be crucial for achieving the desired nitrogen removal performance. This study marks a big leap in LSAWW treatment through the one-stage PNA process and has great potential in actual applications.The anaerobic biodegradability assessment (biodegradation extent and kinetics) of organic wastes is critical for optimum design and evaluating treatment efficiencies for anaerobic treatment technologies. The biochemical sulfide potential (BSP) assay has previously demonstrated the advantages of its time efficiency and measurement accuracy for biologically assessing substrate degradability, while its application is limited by undefined operational parameters. In this study, the BSP assay was further optimized through a systematic investigation of a critical parameter, inoculum-to-substrate ratio (ISR), and the applicable kinetic model to unravel the potential use of BSP assays for anaerobic waste treatment. Under two series of experimental scenarios, the common ISR ranges of 0.5-4.0 (based on the traditional BMP assay) and extreme ISRs (as low as 0.1) were studied, in which the advantage of a BSP assay on extreme ISRs was highlighted. HOpic Meanwhile, the underlying cause and mechanism for biodegradability discrepancies under different ISRs (0.1-6.0) were further investigated. The extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) characterization of residual organics and the two-substrate first-order hydrolysis model analyses revealed that the hydrolysis process of slowly-biodegradable organics fraction was hindered under improper ISR conditions. Furthermore, the Cone model was evaluated as more appropriate for biodegradation kinetics analysis in BSP assays among the five common kinetic models (i.e., Exponential, Fitzhugh, Cone, Transference, and modified Gompertz models). Overall, the results provide fundamental guidance on designing consistent BSP assays and put a step forward in standardizing the BSP assay for anaerobic biodegradability assessments.Response of nitrogen removal efficiency and microbial interactions to organic pollution has been a major issue in wastewater treatment system. However, the nitrogen removal efficiency and interactions among microbial community under antibiotics press is still unclear. Thus, the effect of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) on nitrogen removal and microbial responses of IVCWs was investigated through recorded the nitrogen removal efficiency before and after adding SMX and random matrix theory (RMT)-based network analysis. Results showed that better NH4+-N removal (>90%) after a long period of operation were achieved in IVCWs, but NO3--N was accumulated. However, nitrate removal rates were significantly increased after long-term exposure (60 d) to 100 μgL-1 SMX (from 27.35% to 35.57%) with relatively high SMX removal (53.50%). Surprisingly, the ammonia nitrogen removal rate (90.07-92.70%) were not significantly affected by SMX in IVCWs. Moreover, the bacterial richness was decreased and the bacterial community structures were altered by the presence of SMX, especially those of nitrogen-transforming microorganisms.
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