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he surgeon to improve the surgical workflow because fewer interruptions were necessary to stimulate the facial nerve via a handheld probe.Intracranial schwannomas (ICS) unrelated to the cranial nerves are extremely rare; around 70 cases have been reported worldwide. The available literature consists of case reports and small series that present variable characteristics distinguishing these lesions. Brain parenchyma schwannomas are typically benign tumors with currently unknown origins. Diagnosis of intraparenchymal schwannoma is almost never made preoperatively. The management of these tumors usually consists of gross total resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy in cases of recurrence. The authors present a case of fractionated Gamma Knife radiosurgical treatment of intracerebral schwannoma following partial microsurgical resection.A nontraumatic spontaneous spinal acute subdural hematoma (sSDH) is a rare complication after spinal surgery. Although an sSDH is often associated with anticoagulation therapy, vascular malformations, or lumbar puncture, the pathogenesis of nontraumatic spontaneous sSDH remains unclear. We present the case of an intradural hematoma after an extraforaminal surgery through the Wiltse approach for an extraforaminal disk herniation at L5/S1. This 58-year-old woman experienced hypoesthesia and progressive motor dysfunction in the left leg several hours postoperation. Urgent magnetic resonance imaging revealed an intradural hematoma at the L1/L2 to L2/L3 level in the ventral dural sac proximal to the surgical level. Surgical decompression was performed. There was no evidence of trauma, coagulopathy, or anticoagulation therapy. To our knowledge, this case is the first to report an acute sSDH proximal to the surgery level after an extraforaminal spinal surgery through the Wiltse approach for an extraforaminal disk herniation. It illustrates that attentive postoperative neurologic monitoring, even in the absence of intraoperative irregularities, remains important to diagnose and treat this complication at the early stage.
 Synchronous cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumors are a rare entity. Several publications refer to surgery for such tumors and their classification. Yet, there are no publications on upfront radiosurgery for synchronous CPA tumors.

 The authors present two patients with sporadic synchronous benign CPA tumors who underwent upfront radiosurgery. One patient had two separate schwannomas of the CPA and the other had a schwannoma and a meningioma of the CPA. One patient underwent stepwise radiosurgery treating one tumor after another and the other patient underwent simultaneous radiosurgery for both tumors at the same time.

 Simultaneous and stepwise radiosurgery for synchronous CPA tumors seems to be safe and effective. There were no side effects or complications. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on upfront radiosurgery for synchronous CPA tumors.
 Simultaneous and stepwise radiosurgery for synchronous CPA tumors seems to be safe and effective. There were no side effects or complications. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on upfront radiosurgery for synchronous CPA tumors.To describe a case of a recurrent Candida tropicalis otitis externa, media and interna in a dog with an ear polyp. A 9-year-old Irish Setter was presented with 2 episodes of otitis sinistra, left-sided vestibular syndrome and Horner syndrome 7 months apart. At the first episode a benign ear polyp was extracted and Candida tropicalis cultured from the left middle ear. The neurological signs disappeared within 7 days, the Candida infection was more difficult to treat. Seven months later, a polyp was found in the ear again and cytology was consistent with Candida tropicalis. A unilateral left total ear canal ablation with lateral bulla osteotomy was performed and a middle ear culture confirmed Candida tropicalis. Treatment led to resolution of clinical signs. Candida tropicalis, an emerging pathogen, should be considered in cases of recurrent yeast otitis and may be difficult to treat.A 10-month-old male Rhodesian Ridgeback was presented to the Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU, Germany, with a 6-month history of chronic diarrhea and hematochezia. The dog lived in Germany and had never traveled abroad. Complete blood count and serum biochemistry performed by the referring veterinarian revealed neutrophilia, hyperkalemia, and hyponatremia, with a basal cortisol of 4.3 µg/dl, which excluded hypoadrenocorticism. Since antibiotic treatment had not resulted in any improvement, a 2 week course of prednisolone administration had been initiated, leading to a marked deterioration of intestinal signs and a significant weight loss of 6 kg. At the time of referral, the patient was markedly emaciated, dehydrated, hypovolemic and had a rectal temperature of 39.6 °C. Abdominal ultrasound showed a thickened and irregular colonic wall. On colonoscopy, an irregular colonic mucosa with ulcerations was observed. Histopathologic examination revealed an ulcerative granulomatous colitis, and on Periodic acid-Schiff reaction (PAS) numerous organisms consistent with Prototheca spp. were identified. see more Prototheca zopfii infection was confirmed by culture and MALDI-TOF MS. In order to test for an underlying immunodeficiency, immunoglobulin levels in serum were determined. IgM was decreased, while IgG and IgA levels were within the reference interval. Due to deterioration of general condition, grave prognosis and costs of a treatment trial, the patient was euthanized one week later, and necropsy was performed. Prototheca spp. were detected on histopathologic examination in the lymphnodes, however not in the eyes or the central nervous system. Protothecosis should be considered an differential diagnosis in dogs with chronic diarrhea and ulcerative granulomatous colitis even in dogs living in Germany. Histopathologic examination of colonic biopsies with special stains such as PAS is recommended in every dog with signs of chronic large bowel disease in order to avoid missing this rare infectious disease.
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