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In this work, the influence of water on the adsorption of mercury is systematically investigated on basic and washed activated carbons. Breakthrough curves were measured and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) experiments were performed with mercury and water. Both physisorptive and chemisorptive interactions are relevant in the adsorption of mercury. The experiments show that the presence of water in the pores promotes chemisorption of mercury on washed activated carbons while there is little influence on chemisorption on basic materials. Washing exposes or forms oxygen functional groups that are chemisorptive sites for mercury. Obviously, effective chemisorption of mercury requires both the presence of water and of oxygen functional groups. As mercury chemisorption is preceded by a physisorptive step, higher physisorptive mercury loading at lower temperature (30 °C) enhances chemisorption though the reaction rate constant is smaller than at higher temperature (100 °C). Sequential adsorption and partial desorption of water at lower temperature changes the surface chemistry without inhibiting mercury physisorption. Here, the highest chemisorption rates were found. The number of desorption peaks in the TPD experiments corresponds to the number of adsorption and desorption mechanisms with different oxygen functional groups in the presence of water. The results of the TPD experiments were simulated using a transport model extended by an approach for chemisorption. The simulation results provide reaction parameters (activation energy, frequency factor, and reaction order) of each mechanism. As in many heterogeneously catalyzed reactions, the activation energy and the frequency factor are independent of mercury loading and increase with increasing temperature.We serendipitously found a mitochondrial uncoupler (mUncoupler), compound 1, in the process of screening for inhibitors of a gene product related to calorie restriction (CR) and longevity. Captisol cost Compound 1 has a unique 4-cyano-1,2,3-triazole structure which is different from any known mUncoupler and ameliorated HbA1c in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. However, its administration at high doses was not tolerated in an acute toxicity test in rats. We therefore tried to optimize cyanotriazole compound 1 and convert it into an agent that could be safely administered to patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) or metabolic disorders. Considering pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles, especially organ distribution targeting the liver and avoiding the brain, as well as acute toxicities and pharmacological effects of the derivatives, various conversions and substitutions at the 5-position on the cyanotriazole ring were carried out. These optimizing processes improved PK profiles and effectiveness, and acute toxicities became negligible even at high doses. We finally succeeded in developing an optimized compound, OPC-163493, as a liver-localized/targeted mUncoupler.A general synthesis of 4-hydroxylcarbazoles by domino vinylogous conjugate addition/cyclization/elimination/aromatization of easily prepared 3-nitroindoles with alkylidene azlactones under mild and transition-metal-free conditions has been developed. This method was also applicable to other nitrosubstituted benzofused heterocycles such as 3-nitrobenzothiophene, 2-nitrobenzothiophene, and 2-nitrobenzofuran. The valuable tetracyclic carbazole derivatives, such as 6H-oxazolo[4,5-c]carbazole and 3,6-dihydro-2H-oxazolo[4,5-c]carbazol-2-one, were readily prepared from the product, demonstrating synthetic utility of this method.5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is a promising high value-added platform chemical, which can be produced from glucose, fructose, or lignocellulosic biomass via catalysis technology. However, the effective separation of 5-HMF from aqueous solution and actual biomass hydrolysate is still challenging because 5-HMF can be further rehydrated into levulinic acid (LA) and formic acid (FA) under acidic conditions. Herein, the adsorption behavior of glucose and 5-HMF and its follow-up products (LA and FA) from aqueous solutions onto polymeric adsorbents modified with various functional groups (XAD-4, XAD7HP, and XAD761 resins) was systematically investigated. The results showed that XAD761 resin exhibited the highest adsorption selectivity (α5-HMF/glucose = 42.42 ± 5.84, α5-HMF/FA = 18.41 ± 0.50, and α5-HMF/LA = 3.01 ± 0.10) and capacity for 5-HMF (106 mg g-1 wet resin). The adsorption equilibrium was better fitted by the Freundlich isotherm model at the studied range of 5-HMF concentrations. The thermodynamic study and activation energy also revealed that the adsorption process of XAD761 resin for 5-HMF was spontaneous, exothermic, and physical. The kinetic regression results revealed that the kinetic data of 5-HMF was accurately followed by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. In conclusion, the present study revealed that the potential of phenol formaldehyde resin with hydroxyl groups could be used as an adsorbent for aldehyde organic compounds.In this work, pristine graphene oxide and its thermally reduced derivatives, rGO, were tested for the removal of triazines (atraton, prometryn, and atrazine) from water. The reduction process was optimized by means of design of experiments (DOE) coupled with response surface methodology (RSM), relying on the adsorption efficiency of the material. The optimal reduction conditions were calculated at a temperature of 110 °C maintained for 24 h; the mildest and simplest reduction protocol was chosen, as it allows in-air heat treatment with a common laboratory oven. The rGO samples were characterized before use, confirming a partial reduction process that, leaving intact most of the oxygenated functionalities on the graphene skeleton, may still allow favorable adsorption of pollutants through both hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions, which result from a large conjugated polyaromatic system. Triazine analyses were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); the data obtained from the adsorption isotherms were fitted with the Langmuir and Freundlich models, highlighting a slightly different adsorption behavior of atraton and prometryn compared with atrazine. Model outcomes were also used to support the hypotheses about the adsorption process.
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