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thelial glycocalyx may also act as a mechanosensor of shear to regulate EC apoptosis, thus affecting leaky junctions and regulating LDL transport.Objective. Motor imagery (MI) is widely used to improve technical skills in sports and has been proven to be effective in neurorehabilitation and surgical education. This review aims to identify the key characteristics of MI protocols for implementation into surgical curricula. Design. GW9662 PPAR antagonist This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO databases were systematically searched. The primary outcome was the impact of MI training on measured outcomes, and secondary outcomes were study population, MI intervention characteristics, study primary outcome measure and subject rating of MI ability (systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42019121895). Results. 456 records were screened, 60 full texts randomising 2251 participants were reviewed and 39 studies were included in meta-analysis. MI was associated with improved outcome in 35/60 studies, and pooled analysis also showed improved outcome on all studies with a standardised mean difference of .39 (95% CI .12, .67, P = .005). In studies where MI groups showed improved outcomes, the median duration of training was 24 days (mode 42 days), and the median duration of each individual MI session was 30 minutes (range less then 1 minute-120 minutes). Conclusions. MI training protocols for use in surgical education could have the following characteristics MI training delivered in parallel to existing surgical training, in a flexible format; inclusion of a brief period of relaxation, followed by several sets of repetitions of MI and a refocusing period. This is a step towards the development of a surgical MI training programme, as a low-cost, low-risk tool to enhance practical skills.Importance Lip deformities that occur after treatment of vascular anomalies treatment are often followed by serious local cicatricial adhesion and mucosa atrophy that can complicate reconstruction methods involving simple fat grafting or local flap transfer. Objective To develop a novel technique that combines flap transfer with nanofat grafting that can be used to reconstruct the upper lip after treatment of vascular anomalies. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective study of a consecutive series of 24 patients with upper lip deformities (13 female and 11 male) aged between 7 and 24 years old was conducted. Of these, 15 patients were treated with nanofat grafting alone and 9 cases were treated with nanofat grafting combined with flap transfer (6 inferior- and 3 superior-based flaps). Main Outcomes and Measures The appearance, symmetry, and smooth of upper lips with deformities before and after surgery were compared as the main outcome. Results Among the patients examined, 15 achieved satisfactory results after undergoing multiple nanofat grafting treatments. The remaining nine patients who had serious deformities of the upper lip were treated using a combination of nanofat grafting and flap transfer. For these nine patients, postoperative results showed that the final appearance of the lips was generally symmetrical and smooth. Functional problems such as whistling defects were effectively corrected and no significant complications occurred. The aesthetic symmetry was higher for inferior flaps than for superior flaps and the incision scar for superior flaps was more obvious than for inferior flaps. Conclusion and Relevance The technique combining nanofat autografting with local flap transfer for upper lip reconstruction was demonstrated to be effective, safe, and simple to perform. These findings suggest that this combined technique can be easily performed to achieve good results with only mild undercorrection.Lateral organization in the plane of the plasma membrane is an important driver of biological processes. The past dozen years have seen increasing experimental support for the notion that lipid organization plays an important role in modulating this heterogeneity. Various biophysical mechanisms rooted in the concept of liquid-liquid phase separation have been proposed to explain diverse experimental observations of heterogeneity in model and cell membranes with distinct but overlapping applicability. In this review, we focus on the evidence for and the consequences of the hypothesis that the plasma membrane is poised near an equilibrium miscibility critical point. Critical phenomena explain certain features of the heterogeneity observed in cells and model systems but also go beyond heterogeneity to predict other interesting phenomena, including responses to perturbations in membrane composition.Importance A centralized repository of clinically applicable facial images with unrestricted use would facilitate facial aesthetic research. Objective Using a machine learning neural network, we aim to (1) create a repository of synthetic faces that can be used for facial aesthetic research and (2) analyze synthetic faces according to contemporary aesthetic principles. Design, Setting, and Participants Synthetic facial images were generated using an open source generative adversarial network. Images were refined and then analyzed using computer vision technology. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcomes and Measures Synthetic facial images were created for use as a facial aesthetic research data set. Results One thousand synthetic images were generated, and 60 images underwent analysis. Image attributes, including age, gender, image principle axis, facial emotion, and facial landmark points, were attained. Images demonstrated accordance with contemporary aesthetic principles of horizontal thirds and vertical fifths. Images demonstrated excellent correspondence when compared with real human facial photographs. Conclusions and Relevance We have generated realistic synthetic facial images that have potential as a valuable research tool and demonstrate similarity to real human photographs while adhering to contemporary aesthetic principles.The ability of cells to generate mechanical forces, but also to sense, adapt to, and respond to mechanical signals, is crucial for many developmental, postnatal homeostatic, and pathophysiological processes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular mechanotransduction have remained elusive for many decades, as techniques to visualize and quantify molecular forces across individual proteins in cells were missing. The development of genetically encoded molecular tension sensors now allows the quantification of piconewton-scale forces that act upon distinct molecules in living cells and even whole organisms. In this review, we discuss the physical principles, advantages, and limitations of this increasingly popular method. By highlighting current examples from the literature, we demonstrate how molecular tension sensors can be utilized to obtain access to previously unappreciated biophysical parameters that define the propagation of mechanical forces on molecular scales. We discuss how the methodology can be further developed and provide a perspective on how the technique could be applied to uncover entirely novel aspects of mechanobiology in the future.
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