Notes

Nanoscale encoding involving cellular and physiological phenotypes: inorganic meets natural coding.
We discuss the rejoinder of Sherwin to our review which came to the result that adult alcohol per capita consumption is the best indicator for the harmful use of alcohol for the sustainable development goals.

Scientific discourse.

Sherwin suggested two additional indicators, 'age-standardised prevalence of heavy episodic drinking among adolescents and adults' and 'alcohol-related morbidity and mortality among adolescents and adults'. Given that these indicators should be part of the comprehensive sustainable development goals, we do not believe that three indicators for one target make sense. In addition, both suggested indicators are can only be derived using adult alcohol per capita consumption as basis.

Adult per capita consumption should remain the indicator for the sustainable development goals.
Adult per capita consumption should remain the indicator for the sustainable development goals.Treatment of cutaneous melanoma is changing with significant developments over the past several years that promise to reshape the field of melanoma surgical oncology. Modifications to the staging system based on analysis of a large international dataset, the timing and extent of regional lymphadenectomy, the emergence of effective systemic therapies in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant setting, and the role of adjuvant radiation are all undergoing a data-driven evolution. CDK inhibitor Surgeon engagement in multidisciplinary decision making remains an essential component of contemporary management for patients across all stages of melanoma and demands specific involvement of head and neck surgical oncologists.
Harmful alcohol use is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA); however, the effects of non-pharmacological alcohol interventions in this region are unknown.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the available literature through 14March 2019 was undertaken. Two authors extracted and reconciled relevant data and assessed risk of bias. Meta-analyses were conducted. The review protocol is registered on International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42019094509).

Studies conducted in sSA were eligible for inclusion.

Individuals participating in interventions aimed at reducing alcohol use.

Randomized and non-randomized controlled trials testing non-pharmacological interventions (psychosocial and structural) on alcohol consumption in sSA.

Eligible outcomes included the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores; alcohol abstinence; measures of drinking quantity and frequency; and biomarkers of alcohol consumption.

Nineteen intervchosocial interventions show promise at increasing self-reported alcohol abstinence in sSA, but clinical, methodological and statistical heterogeneity across meta-analytical outcomes suggests that results should be interpreted with caution.
Psychosocial interventions show promise at increasing self-reported alcohol abstinence in sSA, but clinical, methodological and statistical heterogeneity across meta-analytical outcomes suggests that results should be interpreted with caution.Consensus has yet to be reached on the optimal operation for patients with residual or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). To compare effectiveness and safety of open surgery and endoscopic surgery for patients with residual or recurrent NPC. Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane were searched for relevant publications from January 1, 2000 to May 1, 2017. Included studies reported specific residual or local recurrent nasopharyngeal cancer survival data. Proportional meta-analysis was performed on both outcomes with a random-effects model, and the 95% confidential intervals were calculated by Stata 12.0 software. For patients with different tumor classification, a downward trend of 2-year overall survival (OS) was observed for both surgical populations. Endoscopic surgeries achieved bigger rates than open surgeries in patients with recurrent tumor (rT) 1, rT2, and rT3 (93% vs 87%, 77% vs 63%, 67% vs 53%). As for patients with rT4, 2-year OS was similar (35% vs 35%).In addition, the former is less severe complications, lower local recurrence rates (27% vs 32%). Our study found that, compared to open surgery, endoscopic surgery was a safer and more effective treatment modality in managing patients with recurrent or residual NPC.
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychological injuries are debilitating health problems facing police officers. There is increasing interest in the role of exercise as an intervention. We aimed to determine the preliminary effectiveness of the RECONNECT exercise program for NSW Police Officers experiencing PTSD or psychological injury.

An open trial was conducted between 2016 and 2017 across three NSW sites. RECONNECT consisted of twice weekly, supervised exercise sessions for three months. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, week 6 and week 12 (intervention completion) and included PTSD symptoms, depression, anxiety and stress, insomnia severity and alcohol use. Data were analysed using linear mixed models.

In total, n=60 Officers were consecutively referred to the program (35% female, mean age 42.0±8.9years). The majority had a clinical diagnosis of PTSD (n=48, 80%). A clinically significant reduction in PTSD (Cohen's d=0.96), depression (d=0.71), anxiety (d=0.55) and stress (d=0.69) symptoms was found from baseline to week 12. Drop-out and lost to follow-up was high. Higher baseline PTSD severity was associated with an increased likelihood to complete postintervention assessment.

RECONNECT appears to be effective in reducing symptoms of PTSD. Exercise may be an effective component of PTSD treatment.
RECONNECT appears to be effective in reducing symptoms of PTSD. Exercise may be an effective component of PTSD treatment.
To describe the FGM/C experiences of young women living in Nigeria.

Globally, several activities have been targeted at ending female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C). However, the practice is ongoing, especially in countries such as Nigeria, which is reported to be having a population boom. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the FGM/C experiences of young women in such countries so that efforts towards ending it can be accelerated using evidence-based, community-led interventions.

A qualitative descriptive design.

The study took place in two states of south-eastern Nigeria with a high prevalence of FGM/C. The snowball sampling method was used to recruit 22 women, aged 20-40, who had undergone FGM/C. Participant's experiences were explored through semi-structured interviews, and the qualitative content analysis was used for data analysis. The consolidated checklist for reporting of qualitative studies guided the reporting of this study.

Three themes and seven subthemes emerged from the data.
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