Notes

M1 Macrophage exosomes MiR-21a-5p worsens inflamed intestinal disease by means of lowering E-cadherin and also subsequent ILC2 account activation.
Fear can potently inhibit ongoing behavior, including reward-seeking, yet the neural circuits that underlie such suppression remain to be clarified. Prior studies have demonstrated that distinct subregions of the rodent medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) differentially affect fear behavior, whereby fear expression is promoted by the more dorsal prelimbic cortex (PL) and inhibited by the more ventral infralimbic cortex (IL). These mPFC regions project to subregions of the nucleus accumbens, the core (NAcC) and shell (NAcS), that differentially contribute to reward-seeking as well as affective processes that may be relevant to fear expression. Here, we investigated how these mPFC and NAc subregions contribute to discriminative fear conditioning, assessed by conditioned suppression of reward-seeking. Bilateral inactivation of the NAcS or PL reduced the expression of conditioned suppression to a shock-associated CS+, whereas NAcC inactivation reduced reward-seeking without affecting suppression. IL inactivation caused a general reduction in conditioned suppression following discriminative conditioning, but not when using a single-stimulus design. Pharmacological disconnection of the PL → NAcS pathway revealed that this projection mediates conditioned suppression. These data add to a growing literature implicating discrete cortico-striatal pathways in the suppression of reward-seeking in response to aversive stimuli. Dysfunction within related structures may contribute to aberrant patterns of behavior in psychiatric illnesses including substance use disorders.Reduction in the expression or function of α5-subunit-containing GABAA receptors (α5GABAARs) leads to improvement in several hippocampus-dependent memory domains. However, studies thus far mostly lack anatomical specificity in terms of neuronal circuits and populations. We demonstrate that mice with a selective knockdown of α5GABAARs in CA1 pyramidal neurons (α5CA1KO mice) show improved spatial and trace fear-conditioning memory. Unexpectedly, α5CA1KO mice were comparable to controls in contextual fear-conditioning but showed an impairment in context discrimination, suggesting fine-tuning of activity in CA1 pyramidal cell dendrites through α5-mediated inhibition might be necessary for distinguishing highly similar contexts.Most experimental preparations demonstrate a role for dorsolateral striatum (DLS) in stimulus-response, but not outcome-based, learning. Here, we assessed DLS involvement in a touchscreen-based reversal task requiring mice to update choice following a change in stimulus-reward contingencies. In vivo single-unit recordings in the DLS showed reversal produced a population-level shift from excited to inhibited neuronal activity prior to choices being made. The larger the shift, the faster mice reversed. Furthermore, optogenetic photosilencing DLS neurons during choice increased early reversal errors. These findings suggest dynamic DLS engagement may facilitate reversal, possibly by signaling a change in contingencies to other striatal and cortical regions.We present evidence that experience and cholinergic modulation in an early sensory network interact to improve certainty about olfactory stimuli. The data we present are in agreement with existing theoretical ideas about the functional role of acetylcholine but highlight the importance of early sensory networks in addition to cortical networks. We use a simple behavioral paradigm in mice which allows us to measure certainty about a stimulus via the response amplitude to a condition and novel stimuli. We conclude that additional learning increases certainty and that the slope of this relationship can be modulated by activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the olfactory bulb.
To review the bisexual-specific prevalence and likelihood of cigarette smoking relative to lesbian/gay and heterosexual individuals.

We searched MEDLINE, PsycInfo, CINAHL, Scopus and LGBT Life databases (from 1995 to September 2019) for studies reporting cigarette smoking among bisexuals versus their comparators.

Observational, quantitative, peer-reviewed studies providing estimates for lifetime, past 30 days or current cigarette smoking among bisexuals and any of the two comparators were selected.

Data on sexual orientation groups, cigarette smoking, sample type and mechanism, data collection mode, country and median year, as well as gender and age groups were extracted.

Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled OR (95% CIs) of cigarette smoking. Meta-regression was used to examine the difference in the prevalence of cigarette smoking by study and sample characteristics. Of 4663 unduplicated records, 47 unique studies were included (14, 23 and 22 studies on lifetime, past 30 days and current cigarette smoking, respectively). Compared with lesbians/gays and heterosexuals, bisexuals were 1.25 (1.15 to 1.37) and 2.18 (1.84 to 2.59) times more likely to report lifetime smoking, 1.17 (1.08 to 1.27) and 2.49 (2.20 to 2.83) times more likely to report past 30 days smoking and 1.19 (1.00 to 1.43) and 2.26 (1.97 to 2.59) times more likely to report current smoking. Gender was a significant covariate in the meta-regression models.

Cigarette smoking was more prevalent among bisexuals than lesbians/gays and heterosexuals, with the estimates showing a greater magnitude among bisexual women relative to all other sexual orientation/gender subgroups.
Cigarette smoking was more prevalent among bisexuals than lesbians/gays and heterosexuals, with the estimates showing a greater magnitude among bisexual women relative to all other sexual orientation/gender subgroups.
Banning e-cigarette use in public places has attracted considerable debate, with governments adopting different policies. Oseltamivir carboxylate However, little is known about the outcomes of such bans. We investigated the association of banning e-cigarette use in public places and workplaces in Canadian provinces with adults' vaping and smoking behaviours.

Difference-in-differences.

Nationally representative Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey (CTUMS) and Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey (CTADS).

Adults aged 19 and older from CTADS 2013-2017 for e-cigarette outcomes (N=36 562) and from CTUMS/CTADS 2004-2017 for combustible cigarette outcomes (N=178 654).

Bans on e-cigarette use in public places and workplaces in Canadian provinces.

Past 30-day e-cigarette use, current combustible cigarette use, use of e-cigarettes when unable to smoke combustible cigarettes.

After the bans, e-cigarette use in the past 30 days did not change significantly in provinces with a ban compared with provinces without a ban (0.004; 95% CI -0.
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