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Intranodal lymphangiography and also interstitial lymphatic embolization to treat chyluria caused by a lymphatic system malformation inside a pediatric affected person.
We conclude with a discussion about the experiences, challenges and lessons learned regarding engaging stakeholders in the coproduction of research.
The value of embeddedness is highlighted through the description of a recently completed project, Health Services that Deliver for Newborns (HSD-N). We describe how the HSD-N research process contributed to and further strengthened a collaborative research platform and illustrating this project's role in identifying and generating ideas about how to tackle health service delivery problems CONCLUSIONS We conclude with a discussion about the experiences, challenges and lessons learned regarding engaging stakeholders in the coproduction of research.Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are used in clinical trials to provide valuable evidence on the impact of disease and treatment on patients' symptoms, function and quality of life. High-quality PRO data from trials can inform shared decision-making, regulatory and economic analyses and health policy. Recent evidence suggests the PRO content of past trial protocols was often incomplete or unclear, leading to research waste. To address this issue, international, consensus-based, PRO-specific guidelines were developed the Standard Protocol Items Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT)-PRO Extension. The SPIRIT-PRO Extension is a 16-item checklist which aims to improve the content and quality of aspects of clinical trial protocols relating to PRO data collection to minimise research waste, and ultimately better inform patient-centred care. This SPIRIT-PRO explanation and elaboration (E&E) paper provides information to promote understanding and facilitate uptake of the recommended checklist items, including a comprehensive protocol template. For each SPIRIT-PRO item, we provide a detailed description, one or more examples from existing trial protocols and supporting empirical evidence of the item's importance. We recommend this paper and protocol template be used alongside the SPIRIT 2013 and SPIRIT-PRO Extension paper to optimise the transparent development and review of trial protocols with PROs.
Few studies have used longitudinal data to study the development of cognition over the life course in low-income and middle-income countries. The objectives of this study were to assess predictors of cognitive development trajectories from 6 months through 7 years, and if these trajectories predicted adult cognitive function in a birth cohort from Guatemala.

We analysed data from the INCAP Nutrition Supplementation Trial Longitudinal Study in Guatemala. Cognition was assessed at eight different time points between 6 months and 7 years. We derived childhood development trajectories using latent class growth analysis. We assessed predictors of the trajectories using ordinal logistic regression, and associations between childhood trajectories and adult non-verbal intelligence and literacy at age 18-52 years (mean±SD =42.7±6.4 years) using mixed models.

The study was conducted in four Guatemalan villages.

The study included 927 participants from Guatemala with repeated measurements of cognitive function d literacy. These findings provide evidence of tracking of cognition over time in a transitioning low-income setting.
Men have a higher prevalence of undiagnosed tuberculosis (TB) than women and can spend up to a year longer contributing to ongoing transmission in the community before receiving treatment. Selleckchem MEK inhibitor Health outcomes are often worse for patients with TB living in informal settlements especially men. This study aimed to understand the barriers preventing men from seeking care for TB and cocreate interventions to address these barriers.

We used qualitative research methods including in-depth interviews and participatory workshops. Researchers worked with women and men living in Bangwe, an informal settlement in Blantyre, Malawi to develop interventions that reflected their lived realities. The study took place over two phases, in the first phase we undertook interviews with men and women to explore barrier to care seeking, in the second phase we used participatory workshops to cocreate interventions to address barriers and followed up on issues emerging from the workshops with further interviews. In total, 30 interviewxtual issues by addressing individual level socioeconomic factors but also broader structural factors of gendered social dynamics and health systems environment.
Effective communication and patient empowerment before hospital discharge are important steps to ensure medication safety. Patients discharged from hospitals are often expected to assume self-management, frequently without healthcare personnel (HCP) having ensured patients' knowledge, motivation and/or skills. In this substudy of a larger study, we explore how patients experience medication communication during encounters with HCPs and how they are empowered at hospital discharge.

This is a qualitative case study. Data collection was done through qualitative observations of patient-HCP encounters, semistructured interviews with patients and drug reconciliation. Data were analysed using content analysis.

An internal medicines ward at a university hospital in Norway.

Nine patients aged 49-90 years were included close to the day of discharge.

The analysis revealed the following themes (1) patient-centred care (PCC), which included 'understanding and involvement in the patient-as-person', 'establishmenthe patients and the HCPs appear to be inculcated with biomedical traditions and are uncertain about the roles and opportunities associated with PCC. Attention should be paid to patient preferences and to the core elements of the PCC model from admission to discharge to empower patients in medication self-management.
Maternal anaemia is a major public health issue in India. The government of India recommends parenteral iron to manage moderate and severe grades of anaemia. In contrast to its clinical efficacy, the cost-effectiveness of intravenous iron sucrose and ferric carboxymaltose is not yet established in Indian context. This article illustrates the protocol of health technology assessment to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of intravenous therapy on the improvement of haemoglobin concentration over oral therapy.

The study will be carried out in two districts of Gujarat state. The study participants will be selected by a proportionate sampling method from the rural, tribal, desert and coastal region of the districts. Data will be collected over 1 year on key outcome indicators using a mixed-method approach. Key informant interviews will be conducted, and cost data will be gathered to perform cost-effectiveness analysis.

This study is approved by the Technical Appraisal Committee of Health Technology Assessment India, Department of Health Research and Institutional Ethics Committee of the Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar.
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