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Toxicity evaluation showed that 8 mg/kg q24h has a high probability for reaching the toxicity-related concentration threshold, while 6 mg/kg q24h gives a satisfactory risk-benefit balance. The studied CRRT doses had a limited impact on efficacy and a CRRT dose of 30-35 mL/h/kg may lower the risk of toxicity. CONCLUSIONS The model predicted that the combination of 6 mg/kg q24h daptomycin dose and CRRT dose of 30-35 mL/h/kg would achieve the best balance of efficacy and safety. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email [email protected], soil salinization is becoming increasingly prevalent, due to local hydrogeologic phenomena, climate change, and anthropogenic activities. This has significantly curtailed current world food production, and limits future production potential. In the prairie region of North America, sulphate salts, rather than sodium chloride, are often the predominant cause of soil degradation. In order to amend soil quality, revegetate salt-affected sites and recover economic loss associated with soil salinization, the establishment of short rotation coppice plantations with willows (Salix spp.) has been suggested as a possible solution. To screen for the best candidates for such an application, 20 hybrid and 16 native willow genotypes were treated with three different salt conditions for four months. The treatments were designed to reflect the salt composition and concentrations on North American prairies. Under moderate salinity treatment (7 dS m-1), hybrid willows had better growth, as they established quickly while managing salt transport and mineral nutrition balance. However, native willows showed higher potential for long-term survival under severe salinity treatment (14 dS m-1), showing lower NaK ratio in roots and better photosynthetic performance. Two native willow genotypes with high osmotic and salinity tolerance indices, specifically LAR-10 and MJW-9, are expected to show superior potential for remediating salt-affected sites. In addition, we observed significantly higher sulphate/sulfur concentrations in both leaf and root tissues in response to the severe salinity treatment, shedding light on the effect of sulphate salinity on sulphate uptake, and potentially sulfur metabolism in plants. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail [email protected] restricts the growth of trees to varying extents, but the regulatory mechanisms involved in their varying salt tolerance are largely unknown. In efforts to elucidate these mechanisms, we identified a total of 99 genes in the ERF family of transcription factors and examined their expression patterns under salt stress in Populus alba var. pyramidalis. Azeliragon We found that a B4 group gene, PalERF109, was rapidly induced by salt treatment, and preferentially expressed in stems and petioles, where it is probably involved in transport of ions and water in xylem. Overexpression of PalERF109 enhanced the salt tolerance of the poplar, and further analysis showed that it directly up-regulated a high-affinity K+ transporter (HKT) gene, PalHKT1;2. The results clearly indicate that PalERF109 enhances salt tolerance at least partially through direct activation of PalHKT1;2, and extend understanding of ERF genes' roles in trees' stress responses. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail [email protected] Dialysis care often focuses on outcomes that are of lesser importance to patients than to clinicians. There is growing international interest in individualizing care based on patient priorities, but evidence-based approaches are lacking. The objective of this study was to develop a person-centered dialysis care planning program. To achieve this objective we performed qualitative interviews, responsively developed a novel care planning program and then assessed program content and burden. METHODS We conducted 25 concept elicitation interviews with US hemodialysis patients, care partners and care providers, using thematic analysis to analyze transcripts. Interview findings and interdisciplinary stakeholder panel input informed the development of a new care planning program, My Dialysis Plan. We then conducted 19 cognitive debriefing interviews with patients, care partners and care providers to assess the program's content and face validities, comprehensibility and burden. RESULTS We identified five themes in concept elicitation interviews feeling boxed in by the system, navigating dual lives, acknowledging an evolving identity, respecting the individual as a whole person and increasing individualization to enhance care. We then developed a person-centered care planning program and supporting materials that underwent 32 stakeholder-informed iterations. Data from subsequent cognitive interviews led to program revisions intended to improve contextualization and understanding, decrease burden and facilitate implementation. CONCLUSIONS My Dialysis Plan is a content-valid, person-centered dialysis care planning program that aims to promote care individualization. Investigation of the program's capacity to improve patient experiences and outcomes is needed. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved.Synthetic biology has advanced from the setup of basic genetic devices to the design of increasingly complex gene circuits to provide organisms with new functions. While many bacterial, fungal and mammalian unicellular chassis have been extensively engineered, this progress has been delayed in plants due to the lack of reliable DNA parts and devices that enable precise control over these new synthetic functions. In particular, memory switches based on DNA site-specific recombination have been the tool of choice to build long-term and stable synthetic memory in other organisms, because they enable a shift between two alternative states registering the information at the DNA level. Here we report a memory switch for whole plants based on the bacteriophage ϕC31 site-specific integrase. The switch was built as a modular device made of standard DNA parts, designed to control the transcriptional state (on or off) of two genes of interest by alternative inversion of a central DNA regulatory element. The state of the switch can be externally operated by action of the ϕC31 integrase (Int), and its recombination directionality factor (RDF).
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