Notes

Stomach microbiome-short-chain fat interaction in the context of a deficiency of iron anaemia.
gs support universal screening for hepatitis C during pregnancy.Increased rates of overdose (OD) and blood-borne infections have been associated with injection drug use (IDU). This increasing overlap between IDU-related infectious diseases (ID) is a byproduct of the opioid OD crisis, especially with the transition to synthetic opioids with faster onset and shorter duration leading to potentially more frequent injections. ID specialists are uniquely positioned to positively impact the opioid OD crisis by capitalizing on opportunistic moments of engagement during clinical encounters with people who inject drugs (PWID). Harm reduction services should therefore be expanded and offered to PWID in ID settings to reduce rates of OD, infection, and hospitalization. Major target areas include (1) teaching and distribution of materials related to safer injection practice such as sterile injection supplies, fentanyl test strips, and naloxone; (2) increased screening and access to pre-exposure prophylaxis and postexposure prophylaxis; and (3) initiation of medications for opioid use disorder. Incorporating these strategies in various treatment settings can expand treatment access, improve patient outcomes, and reduce stigma associated with IDU.
Although intestinal colonization precedes most extraintestinal
infections, colonization-promoting factors are incompletely understood. We compared within-household
colonization patterns with host and bacterial traits.

Twenty-two veterans with a clinical
isolate and their 46 human and animal household members underwent longitudinal fecal sampling. Distinct
strains were characterized for phylogenetic background, virulence genes, antibiotic resistance, and colonization behaviors. Host and bacterial traits were assessed statistically as predictors of colonization behaviors.

Among the 139 unique-by-household fecal
strains, univariable predictors of colonization behavior included (i) host demographics, (ii) matching the index clinical isolate, and (iii) bacterial characteristics (2 phylogroups, 5 clonal lineages, 18 virulence genes, and molecular extraintestinal pathogenic
status). Multivariable predictors of colonization behavior included veteran host, spouse host, matching the index clinical isolate, phylogroup F, ST73,
(alpha hemolysin)
(variant hemolysin), H7
(flagellar variant),
(vacuolating toxin), and
(adhesin-siderophore).

Host demographics, multiple bacterial "virulence" traits, and matching the index clinical isolate predicted
fecal colonization behaviors. Thus, certain bacterial characteristics may promote both colonization and pathogenicity. Future interventions directed toward such traits might prevent
infections both directly and by disrupting antecedent colonization.
Host demographics, multiple bacterial "virulence" traits, and matching the index clinical isolate predicted E. read more coli fecal colonization behaviors. Thus, certain bacterial characteristics may promote both colonization and pathogenicity. Future interventions directed toward such traits might prevent E. coli infections both directly and by disrupting antecedent colonization.Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for cholera are an important emerging tool for surveillance, yet the currently available tests have several limitations. We assess the performance of a new RDT, Cholkit, during a cholera outbreak in Malawi compared with culture and find a sensitivity of 93.0% (95% CI, 83.0%-98.1%) and a specificity of 95.7% (95% CI, 78.1%-100.0%).With increased longevity related to the advent of antiretroviral therapy, there are increasing proportions of older persons with HIV (PWH). Prior studies have demonstrated increased prevalence of geriatric syndromes in older PWH and recommended the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) in this population. However, there is currently no peer-reviewed literature that outlines how to perform the CGA in PWH in the clinical setting. In this article, we offer a review on how to perform the CGA in PWH, outline domains of the CGA and their importance in PWH, and describe screening tools for each domain focusing on tools that have been validated in PWH, are easy to administer, and/or are already commonly used in the field of geriatrics.
Liver fibrosis is common among HIV-infected patients. Risk factors vary by location. Understanding this variation may inform prevention strategies. We compared the prevalence and correlates of liver fibrosis among HIV-infected patients attending care clinics in Uganda.

This was a cross-sectional study involving 2030 HIV-infected patients attending care clinics in urban and rural Uganda. Liver fibrosis was defined as liver stiffness measurement (LSM) >7.1 KPa. Proportions and correlates of liver fibrosis were assessed and compared using logistic regression stratified by gender and site.

Prevalence of liver fibrosis was higher among participants in the rural clinic (15% vs 11%;
= .017). History of tobacco use (urban
= .022; rural
= .035) and serologic evidence of hepatitis C infection (HCV; urban
= .028; rural
= .03) was associated with liver fibrosis in all men. Elevated liver transaminases (urban
= .002; rural
= .028) and increasing age (urban
= .008; rural
= .052) were risk factors among all women. Tobacco use among women was only a risk factor in those attending the rural clinic (
= .003), and detectable HIV viral load (
= .002) for men in the urban clinic.

Liver fibrosis is prevalent among HIV-infected persons in Uganda. HIV viral suppression and avoiding tobacco may be strategies to prevent liver fibrosis and cancer risk.
Liver fibrosis is prevalent among HIV-infected persons in Uganda. HIV viral suppression and avoiding tobacco may be strategies to prevent liver fibrosis and cancer risk.Our hollow-fiber infection model simulated the projected steady-state pharmacokinetics of ceftolozane and tazobactam in lung epithelial lining fluid of patients with pneumonia receiving 3 g of ceftolozane/tazobactam every 8 hours. Results confirmed the previously established in vitro activity of ceftolozane/tazobactam at and above approved breakpoints against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, regardless of Pseudomonas-derived cephalosporinase allele.
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