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The results showed no significant differences between the three conditions except for the knee' angle which was higher in the EX condition (167.3±11.6 vs 164.3±5.8 and 163.9±8) (p less then 0.005) than in the two other conditions (SS stimulation and CONT). This means that the EX stimulation induced a postural position change (i.e., a slight knee extension) during the monopedal postural task without altering balance control. Overall, on the basis of the stimulation parameters used in the present work, neither the SS stimulation, nor the EX stimulation facilitated or disturbed postural balance.Due to possible sensory impairments in people with Parkinson's disease, several methodological aspects of electrical stimulation as a potential cueing method remain to be explored. This study aimed to investigate the applicability and tolerability of sensory and motor electrical stimulation in 10 people with Parkinson's disease. The study focused on assessing the electrical stimulation voltages and visual analogue scale discomfort scores at the electrical sensory, motor, discomfort, and pain thresholds. Results show that sensory electrical stimulation at the tibialis anterior, soleus, hamstrings, and quadriceps stimulation sites was applicable and tolerable for 6/10, 10/10, 9/10, and 10/10 participants, respectively. Furthermore, motor electrical stimulation at the tibialis anterior, soleus, hamstrings, and quadriceps stimulation sites were applicable and tolerable for 7/10, 7/10, 7/10, and 8/10 participants, respectively. Interestingly, the thresholds for the lower leg were higher than those of the upper leg. The data presented in this paper indicate that sensory and motor electrical stimulation is applicable and tolerable for cueing applications in people with Parkinson's disease. Sensory electrical stimulation was applicable and tolerable at the soleus and quadriceps sites. Motor electrical stimulation was not tolerable for two participants at any of the proposed stimulation sites. Therefore, future studies investigating motor electrical stimulation cueing, should apply it with caution in people with Parkinson's disease.The kinematics of the cervical spine during various functional neck motions has been widely reported. CTPI-2 price However, no data has been reported on the cervical intervertebral kinematics during walking, the most frequently performed daily functional activity. In this study, we evaluated cervical kinematics and disc deformation of asymptomatic subjects during a gait cycle using a dual fluoroscopic imaging system. Our measurements showed that the vertical translation of the cervical spine (1.6 ± 0.1 Hz) occurred at twice the frequency of the gait cycle (0.8 ± 0.1 Hz). The overall ranges of motion (ROMs) of the entire (C2-T1) cervical spine were 5.0 ± 3.1° in the flexion-extension rotation, 3.4 ± 1.0° in the lateral-bending rotation, and 5.8 ± 2.1° in the axial-twisting rotation during walking. Each intervertebral disc (measured at the disc centre location) dynamically deformed in its axial direction in a range of 16.2 ± 5.7% ~ 23.7 ± 8.7% (without significant differences among different segment levels, p > 0.05), similar to the ranges of shear deformations of the same disc (p > 0.05, except for the C7-T1 disc, where p = 0.010). These data could be useful for improvements of diagnosis and treatment methods of cervical pathologies.
Resection of bone is performed in over 75% of all orthopaedic procedures and the electrically powered oscillating saw is commonly used to cut bone. Drawbacks are relatively large incisions and tissue damage due to overshooting often occur. Therefore, the goal of this study is to develop an improved bone-cutting system that has minimally invasive characteristics.

A new reusable sawing system was designed that can be used in Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) consisting of a steerable wire passer and a tissue saving wire saw guide. The system was tested during surgery on a human cadaveric tibia and calcaneus.

A MIS steerable compliant Nitinol needle was built and successfully used in a cadaveric surgery to position the cutting wire around a tibia and calcaneus. A wire saw operating system was built that was successfully used to cut the tibia and calcaneus.

A MIS bone-cutting system was successfully designed, manufactured and used in a cadaver study showing that safe minimally invasive bone-cutting is feasible for two bone types with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue. Design optimization is needed to stabilize the compliant Nitinol needle during wire saw positioning and to allow cutting of bones with smaller diameters.
A MIS bone-cutting system was successfully designed, manufactured and used in a cadaver study showing that safe minimally invasive bone-cutting is feasible for two bone types with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue. Design optimization is needed to stabilize the compliant Nitinol needle during wire saw positioning and to allow cutting of bones with smaller diameters.Elastomeric liners are commonly worn between the prosthetic socket and the limb. A number of improvements to the state of the art of liner technology are required to address outstanding problems. A liner that conforms to the residuum more accurately, may improve the skin health at the stump-socket interface. Previous work has shown that for effective thermal management of the socket environment, an active heat removal system is required, yet this is not available. Volume tracking of the stump could be used as a diagnostic tool for looking at the changes that occur across the day for all users, which depend on activity level, position, and the interaction forces of the prosthetic socket with the limb. We believe that it would be advantageous to embed these devices into a smart liner, which could be replaced and repaired more easily than the highly costly and labour-intensive custom-made socket. This paper presents the work to develop these capabilities in soft material technology, with the development of a printable nanocomposite stretch sensor system; a low-cost digital method for casting bespoke prosthetic liners; a liner with an embedded stretch sensor for growth / volume tracking; a model liner with an embedded active cooling system.
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