Notes

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Different types of artifacts in the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals can considerably reduce the performance of the later-stage EEG analysis algorithms for making decisions, such as those for brain-computer interfacing (BCI) classification. In this paper, we address the problem of artifact detection and removal from single-channel EEG signals.

We propose a novel approach that maps the probability of an EEG epoch to be artifactual based on four different statistical measures entropy (a measure of uncertainty), kurtosis (a measure of peakedness), skewness (a measure of asymmetry), and periodic waveform index (a measure of periodicity). Then, a stationary wavelet transform based artifact removal is proposed that employs a particular probability threshold provided by the user.

We have executed our experiments with both synthetic and real EEG data. It is observed that the proposed method exhibits a superior performance for suppressing the artifact contaminated from EEG with minimum distortion. Moreover, evaluation of the algorithm using EEG dataset for BCI experiments reveals that artifact removal can considerably improve the BCI output in both event-related potential and motor-imagery based BCI applications.

The proposed algorithm has been applied to both real and synthesized data testing and compared with other state-of-the-art automated artifact removal methods. Its superior performance is verified in terms of various performance metrics including computational complexity for justifying its use in BCI-like real-time applications.

Our work is expected to be useful for future research EEG signal processing and eventually to develop more accurate real-time EEG-based BCI applications.
Our work is expected to be useful for future research EEG signal processing and eventually to develop more accurate real-time EEG-based BCI applications.
An increasing number of rodent model systems use injection of DNA or viral constructs in the neonatal brain. However, approaches for reliable positioning and stereotaxic injection at this developmental stage are limited, typically relying on handheld positioning or molds that must be re-aligned for use in a given laboratory.

A complete protocol and open-source software pipeline for generating 3D-printed head molds derived from a CT scan of a neonatal mouse head cast, together with a universal adapter that can be placed on a standard stereotaxic stage.

A series of test injections with adenovirus encoding red fluorescent protein, or Fluorogold, were conducted using original clay molds and newly generated 3D printed molds. Several metrics were used to compare spread and localization of targeted injections.

The new method of head mold generation gave comparable results to the field standard, but also allowed the rapid generation of additional copies of each head mold with standardized positioning of the head each time.

This 3D printing pipeline can be used to efficiently develop a series of head molds with standardized injection coordinates across multiple laboratories. More broadly, this pipeline can easily be adapted to other perinatal ages or species.
This 3D printing pipeline can be used to efficiently develop a series of head molds with standardized injection coordinates across multiple laboratories. More broadly, this pipeline can easily be adapted to other perinatal ages or species.
The chronically instrumented pregnant sheep has been used as a model of human fetal development and responses to pathophysiologic stimuli. This is due to the unique amenability of the unanesthetized fetal sheep to the surgical placement and maintenance of catheters and electrodes, allowing repetitive blood sampling, substance injection, recording of bioelectrical activity, application of electric stimulation, and in vivo organ imaging. Recently, there has been growing interest in the pleiotropic effects of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) on various organ systems such as innate immunity and inflammation, and metabolism. There is no approach to study this in utero and corresponding physiological understanding is scarce.

Based on our previous presentation of a stable chronically instrumented unanesthetized fetal sheep model, here we describe the surgical instrumentation procedure allowing successful implantation of a cervical uni- or bilateral VNS probe with or without vagotomy.

In a cohort of 68 animals, we present the changes in blood gas, metabolic, and inflammatory markers during the postoperative period. We detail the design of a VNS probe which also allows recording from the fetal nerve. We also present an example of fetal vagus electroneurogram (VENG) recorded from the VNS probe and an analytical approach to the data.

This method represents the first implementation of fetal VENG/VNS in a large pregnant mammalian organism.

This study describes a new surgical procedure allowing to record and manipulate chronically fetal vagus nerve activity in an animal model of human pregnancy.
This study describes a new surgical procedure allowing to record and manipulate chronically fetal vagus nerve activity in an animal model of human pregnancy.A naïve researcher published a scientific article in a respectable journal. She thought her article was straightforward and defensible. It used only publicly available data, and her findings were consistent with much of the literature on the topic. Her coauthors included two distinguished statisticians. To her surprise her publication was met with unusual attacks from some unexpected sources within the research community. These attacks were by and large not pursued through normal channels of scientific discussion. Her research became the target of an aggressive campaign that included insults, errors, misinformation, social media posts, behind-the-scenes gossip and maneuvers, and complaints to her employer. The goal appeared to be to undermine and discredit her work. The controversy was something deliberately manufactured, and the attacks primarily consisted of repeated assertions of preconceived opinions. see more She learned first-hand the antagonism that could be provoked by inconvenient scientific findings. Guidelines and recommendations should be based on objective and unbiased data.
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