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Moreover, the employed theoretical framework is shown to serve as a general strategy for describing PCET reactions in bioenergetic systems.Particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure is reported to have deleterious effects on health. Maternal PM2.5 exposure has been confirmed to damage the growth of somatic cells and enhance the incidence of chronic respiratory diseases in children. Here we aim to investigate the impact of in utero PM2.5 exposure on early birth weight and postnatal lung development. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were administered PM2.5 (0.1, 0.5, 2.5, or 7.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally every 3 days until birth. Maternal and birth outcomes and somatic growth were monitored. Lungs were collected on PND1 (where PND = postnatal day) and PND28; the lung wet-to-dry weight ratio (W/D) was analyzed, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured. selleckchem Expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and NF-κB were evaluated by Western blotting and quantitative RT-PCR. There were no significant intergroup differences for maternal outcomes; however, offspring exposed in utero to 2.5 and 7.5 mg/kg PM2.5 were significantly smaller in litter weight than the controls. In utero exposure to 2.5 and 7.5 mg/kg PM2.5 led to lower body weight after birth and disrupted lung development during infancy. ROS levels were significantly increased in the 7.5 mg/kg PM2.5 group. PM2.5-treated rats showed upregulated pulmonary expression of TLR4 and NF-κB. Maternal PM2.5 exposure enhances the risk of low birth weight and affects lung alveolar development. The underlying molecular mechanisms may involve TLR4/NF-κB signaling.We report a novel strategy to prepare valuable nitriles and ketones through the conversion of esters under metal-free conditions. By using the I2/PCl3 system, various substrates including aliphatic and aromatic esters could react with acetonitrile and arenes to afford the desired products in good to excellent yields. This method is compatible with a number of functional groups and provides a simple and practical approach for the synthesis of nitrile compounds and aryl ketones.Glycoproteins secreted by cells play essential roles in the regulation of extracellular activities. Secreted glycoproteins are often reflective of cellular status, and thus glycoproteins from easily accessible bodily fluids can serve as excellent biomarkers for disease detection. Cultured cells have been extensively employed as models in the research fields of biology and biomedicine, and global analysis of glycoproteins secreted from these cells provides insights into cellular activities and glycoprotein functions. However, comprehensive identification and quantification of secreted glycoproteins is a daunting task because of their low abundances compared with the high-abundance serum proteins required for cell growth and proliferation. Several studies employed serum-free media to analyze secreted proteins, but it has been shown that serum starvation, even for a short period of time, can alter protein secretion. To overcome these issues, we developed a method to globally characterize secreted glycoproteins and their N-glycosylation sites from cultured cells by combining selective enrichment of secreted glycoproteins with a boosting approach. The results demonstrated the importance of the boosting sample selection and the boosting-to-sample ratio for improving the coverage of secreted glycoproteins. The method was applied to globally quantify secreted glycoproteins from THP-1 monocytes and macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and from Hep G2 cells treated with TGF-β without serum starvation. We found differentially secreted glycoproteins in these model systems that showed the cellular response to the immune activation or the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Benefiting from the selective enrichment and the signal enhancement of low-abundance secreted glycoproteins, this method can be extensively applied to study secreted glycoproteins without serum starvation, which will provide a better understanding of protein secretion and cellular activity.Organophosphate tri- and diesters (tri-OPEs and di-OPEs) were quantified in 63 paired maternal and cord whole blood samples collected in Hubei, China, in which tri-o-cresyl phosphate (ToCP) was predominant. The transplacental transfer efficiencies (expressed as cord blood to maternal blood (CM) concentration ratios) of aryl-tri-OPEs, such as ToCP (1.61) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) (1.06), were higher than those of alkyl-tri-OPEs (0.66-0.76). For the target tri-OPEs and some traditional organic compounds, the CM ratios first increased with log Kow in the range of 1.63-5.23 and then decreased, showing a parabolic relationship. However, ToCP, with a log Kow of 6.34, deviated from this relationship and displayed the highest CM ratio (1.61). Molecular docking indicated a very strong binding affinity between ToCP and transthyretin, suggesting that ToCP might be actively transported by transthyretin in the placenta. The di-OPE levels in the blood samples were significantly lower than the corresponding tri-OPE levels, and those in the cord blood were influenced not only by their transplacental behaviors but also by their low excretion rates and the metabolic characteristics of their parent compounds in the fetus. This study provides useful information for accurately assessing the health risks posed by tri-OPEs to pregnant women and fetuses.Low-dimensional hybrid organic-inorganic metal halides have received increased attention because of their outstanding optical and electronic properties. However, the most studied hybrid compounds contain lead and have long-term stability issues, which must be addressed for their use in practical applications. Here, we report a new zero-dimensional hybrid organic-inorganic halide, RInBr4, featuring photoemissive trimethyl(4-stilbenyl)methylammonium (R+) cations and nonemissive InBr4- tetrahedral anions. The crystal structure of RInBr4 is composed of alternating layers of inorganic anions and organic cations along the crystallographic a axis. The resultant hybrid demonstrates bright-blue emission with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage color coordinates of (0.19, 0.20) and a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 16.36% at room temperature, a 2-fold increase compared to the PLQY of 8.15% measured for the precursor organic salt RBr. On the basis of our optical spectroscopy and computational work, the organic component is responsible for the observed blue emission of the hybrid material.
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