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Antisocial conduct along with polymorphisms within the oxytocin receptor gene: results by 50 % unbiased biological materials.
e., binge eating without the loss of control component) and loss of control eating in non-clinical samples. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, multiple time series.BACKGROUND All health economics reviews on chronic and episodic migraine published to date underline the heterogeneity of results. Currently, the need for the generalizability of economic evaluations across different jurisdictions is considered a key issue to avoid unnecessary overlaps and to minimize the time to reimbursement decisions. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to review the economic evaluations on the prophylaxis and treatments for migraine published in the previous 10 years (since 2009) and to perform a critical assessment of their generalizability. METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and EconLit databases. Articles underwent a three-stage selection process. To assess the level of generalizability, we used the checklist implemented by Augustovski et al. Studies were classified as (1) generalizable; (2) transferable; and (3) context specific. RESULTS In total, 227 articles were identified after running the search string and 11 studies were included in our review. Overall, none of the studies was judged as generalizable and three were judged transferable according to the established criteria. CONCLUSIONS Our review suggests that no evidence on the economic value of either acute or prophylactic treatments against migraine is generalizable to different jurisdictions. However, the majority of studies reporting results about prophylactic treatments were found to be transferable.Benzodiazepines, available clinically for almost six decades, are still one of the most widely prescribed classes of medication. The proportion of the population prescribed benzodiazepines increases with age, and harms also increase with age. The prevalence of prescribing in people > 85 years of age is as high as one in three, including in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The prevalence of COPD also increases with age. In COPD, indications cited for prescribing a benzodiazepine include anxiety, sleep disorders, or chronic breathlessness. Each of these symptoms is prevalent in the population with COPD, especially later in the course of the illness. For anxiety and insomnia, there is evidence to support short-term use, with little robust evidence to support prescribing for the symptomatic reduction of chronic breathlessness. People prescribed benzodiazepines are more likely to experience drowsiness or somnolence, exacerbations of their COPD, and respiratory tract infections. Furthermore, the longer people take benzodiazepines, the more likely they will become dependent on them. Prescribing patterns vary internationally but prescriptions of longer-acting benzodiazepines are declining in favour of shorter-acting compounds. Other evidence-based therapies that can more safely treat these problematic symptoms are available. For people already taking benzodiazepines, there are a number of interventions that have been shown to reduce the rate of prescribing. For people with COPD and not taking a benzodiazepine, but with symptoms where there is evidence of benefit, clinicians should weigh carefully the potential net benefit and prescribe at the lowest dose for the briefest time possible.The use of psychotropic drugs (antipsychotics, benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-related drugs, and antidepressants) is common, with a prevalence estimates range of 19-29% among community dwelling older adults. These drugs are often prescribed for off-label use, including neuropsychiatric symptoms. The older adult population also has high rates of pneumonia and some of these cases may be associated with adverse drug events. In this narrative review, we summarize the findings from current observational studies on the association between psychotropic drug use and pneumonia in older adults. In addition to studies assessing the use of psychotropics, we included antiepileptic drugs, as they are also central nervous system-acting drugs, whose use is becoming more common in the aging population. The use of antipsychotics, benzodiazepine, and benzodiazepine-related drugs are associated with increased risk of pneumonia in older adults (≥ 65 years of age), and these findings are not limited to this age group. Minimal and conflicting evidence has been reported on the association between antidepressant drug use and pneumonia, but differences between study populations make it difficult to compare findings. Studies regarding antiepileptic drug use and risk of pneumonia in older persons are lacking, although an increased risk of pneumonia in antiepileptic drug users compared with non-users in persons with Alzheimer's disease has been reported. Tools such as the American Geriatric Society Beers Criteria and the STOPP/START criteria for potentially inappropriate medications aids prescribers to avoid these drugs in order to reduce the risk of adverse drug events. However, risk of pneumonia is not mentioned in the current criteria and more research on this topic is needed, especially in vulnerable populations, such as persons with dementia.Several studies indicate that prognosis for survival in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) has improved in recent decades. find more However, published evidence is inconclusive and some estimates may be obsolete due to improvements in standards of care, in particular the routine use of mechanical ventilatory support in advanced stages of the disease. In this systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO identifier CRD42019121800), we searched MEDLINE (through PubMed), CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, and Web of Science for studies published from inception up until December 31, 2018, reporting results of life expectancy in DMD. We pooled median survival estimates from individual studies using the median of medians, and weighted median of medians, methods. Risk of bias was established with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results were stratified by ventilatory support and risk of bias. We identified 15 publications involving 2662 patients from 12 countries from all inhabited continents except Africa. Median life expectancy without ventilatory support ranged between 14.
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