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T or both were associated with a 46% increased risk of preterm birth. Physicians should advise patients of the increased risks of late, moderate and extremely preterm birth so that they can make informed choices. Copyright 2020, Joule Inc. or its licensors.INTRODUCTION Numerous studies have found associations between characteristics of urban environments and risk factors for dementia and cognitive decline, such as physical inactivity and obesity. However, the contribution of urban environments to brain and cognitive health has been seldom examined directly. This cohort study investigates the extent to which and how a wide range of characteristics of urban environments influence brain and cognitive health via lifestyle behaviours in mid-aged and older adults in three cities across three continents. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Participants aged 50-79 years and living in preselected areas stratified by walkability, air pollution and socioeconomic status are being recruited in Melbourne (Australia), Barcelona (Spain) and Hong Kong (China) (n=1800 total; 600 per site). Two assessments taken 24 months apart will capture changes in brain and cognitive health. Cognitive function is gauged with a battery of eight standardised tests. Brain health is assessed using MRI scans in ite. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12619000817145. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.INTRODUCTION Trachomatous trichiasis (TT) is a condition in which the eyelid turns inward and eyelashes abrade the front part of the eye. To prevent eventual blindness, surgery is recommended. Two surgical procedures are commonly used, bilamellar tarsal rotation (BLTR) and posterior lamellar tarsal rotation (PLTR). Evidence suggests that incision height and surgery type may affect the risk of postoperative TT (PTT) and other surgical outcomes. However, these studies have not prospectively compared the impact of incision height on surgical outcomes. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Maximising trichiasis surgery Success (MTSS) is a three-arm, randomised clinical trial being conducted in Ethiopia. Participants will be randomly assigned on a 111 basis to BLTR with a 3 mm incision height, BLTR with a 5 mm incision height, or PLTR 3 mm incision height. Patients are eligible for the trial if they have previously unoperated upper eyelid TT. Follow-up visits will be conducted by trained eye examiners at 1 day, 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 12 months after surgery. The primary outcome is incident PTT within 1 year following surgery. Logistic regression will be used in an intention-to-treat analysis to assess outcome incidence by surgical approach. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The University of North Carolina and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine institution review boards, Ethiopian National Research Ethics Review Committee and Ethiopian Food, Medicine, Healthcare and Administration and Control Authority provided ethics approval for the trial. On completion, trial results will be disseminated at local and international meetings and in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03100747. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. Selleckchem Crenolanib No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.OBJECTIVE To integrate intrinsic surgical risk into the paediatric preoperative risk prediction score (PRPS) model to construct a more comprehensive risk scoring system (modified PRPS) and improve the prediction accuracy of postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) admission in paediatric patients. DESIGN This was a retrospective study conducted between 1 January and 30 December 2016. Data on age, American Society of Anaesthesiology physical status (ASA-PS), oxygen saturation, prematurity, non-fasted status, severity of surgery and immediate transfer to the ICU after surgery were collected. The modified PRPS was developed by logistic regression in the derivation cohort; it was tested and compared with the paediatric PRPS and ASA-PS by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Kappa analysis in the validation cohort. SETTING Hospital-based study in China. PARTICIPANTS Paediatric patients (≤14 years) who underwent surgery under general anaesthesia were included, and those whoions. Published by BMJ.INTRODUCTION Little is known about asthma control in the rising number of African children who suffer from this condition. The Achieving Control of Asthma in Children in Africa (ACACIA) study is an observational study collecting evidence about paediatric asthma in urban areas of Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe. The primary objectives are (1) to identify 3000 children aged between 12 years and 14 years with asthma symptoms; and (2) to assess their asthma control, current treatment, knowledge of and attitudes to asthma and barriers to achieving good control. Secondary objective is to develop interventions addressing identified barriers to good symptom control. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Each centre will undertake screening to identify 500 school children with asthma symptoms using questions from the Global Asthma Network's questionnaire. Children identified to have asthma symptoms will fill in a digital survey, including Asthma Control Test, questions on medication usage and adherence, medic11. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.INTRODUCTION In 2015, most governments of the world committed to achieving 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) by the year 2030. Efforts to improve eye health contribute to the advancement of several SDGs, including those not exclusively health-related. This scoping review will summarise the nature and extent of the published literature that demonstrates a link between improved eye health and advancement of the SDGs. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Searches will be conducted in MEDLINE, Embase and Global Health for published, peer-reviewed manuscripts, with no time period, language or geographic limits. All intervention and observational studies will be included if they report a link between a change in eye health and (1) an outcome related to one of the SDGs or (2) an element on a pathway between eye health and an SDG (eg, productivity). Two investigators will independently screen titles and abstracts, followed by full-text screening of potentially relevant articles. Reference lists of all included articles will be examined to identify further potentially relevant studies.
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