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We investigated possible changes in morphology and immunohistochemistry of the uterus and ovaries of rats caused by nandrolone (ND); we also investigated effects on fertility. We used 30 rats divided into three experimental groups control (C), control vehicle (CV) and 5 mg/kg ND. Rats treated with ND exhibited loss of estrous cyclicity with predominance of the estrus phase, increased body weight and an organosomatic index that was decreased for the ovaries, but increased for the uterus. In the ovary, we observed a reduction in primary and secondary follicles and an increase in tertiary follicles; no corpora lutea were observed. Estrogen and progesterone levels were reduced. In the uterus, the endometrium was edematous with hyperplasic glands. The cytokines, TNFα and IL6, and the apoptotic index were increased in rats treated with ND. VEGF-A was increased in the ovaries and decreased in the uterus. We conclude that ND disrupts ovarian and uterine histophysiology by establishing an anovulatory and inflammatory condition, which directly affects reproduction.
Isolated shear fractures of a metatarsal head in the lesser toes are rare in clinical practice. We report the clinical and imaging characteristics, and treatment results, of these fractures.

A retrospective consecutive case-series study was performed on 7 patients with symptomatic isolated shear fracture of a metatarsal head in the lesser toes who were operatively treated using open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Radiographs and computed tomographic (CT) scans of the patients were analyzed. The American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society-lesser metatarsophalangeal-interphalangeal (AOFAS-LMI) score, visual analog scale (VAS) score, and passive dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint were determined preoperatively and at final follow-up. Postoperative complications were also recorded.

There were 5 males and 2 females, with a mean age of 21 years (range, 16-36) at the time of surgery. Four fractures occurred at the fourth metatarsal. There were 3 chronic cases, 1 was not diagnosed initially; the other 2 failed conservative treatment. The main symptom of the chronic fractures was limited dorsiflexion at the MTP joint. Preoperative radiographs and CT scans revealed dorsal displacement of the fragment without dislocation of the MTP joint. At the final follow-up (mean, 17.4 months; range 9-27), the AOFAS-LMI scores had improved from 70.6 (range, 59-79) preoperatively to 93.3 (range, 92-100) (
= .001). VAS scores showed a decrease in pain from 4.0 to 0.0 (
= .016). Mean passive dorsiflexion ROM of the MTP joint improved significantly from 8.6 degrees preoperatively to 35.7 degrees at final follow-up (
< .001). All patients returned to their respective preinjury activity levels.

Patients with an acute or chronic isolated shear fracture of a metatarsal head in the lesser toes treated by ORIF achieved good short-term clinical and radiologic outcomes.

Level IV, retrospective case series.
Level IV, retrospective case series.
Basic science literature strongly supports a role of oxidative stress in colorectal cancer (CRC) etiology, but in epidemiologic studies, associations of most individual exposures with CRC have been weak or inconsistent. However, recent epidemiologic evidence suggests that the collective effects of these exposures on oxidative balance and CRC risk may be substantial.

Using food frequency and lifestyle questionnaire data from the prospective Iowa Women's Health Study (1986-2012), we investigated associations of 11-component dietary and 4-component lifestyle oxidative balance scores (OBS) with incident CRC using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression.

Of the 33,736 cancer-free women aged 55-69 years at baseline, 1,632 developed CRC during follow-up. Among participants in the highest relative to the lowest dietary and lifestyle OBS quintiles (higher anti-oxidant relative to pro-oxidant exposures), the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were, respectively, 0.77 (0.63, 0.94) (
=0.02) and 0.61 (0.52, 0.71) (
<0.0001). Among those in the highest relative to the lowest joint lifestyle/dietary OBS quintile, the HR was 0.45 (95% CI 0.26, 0.77).

Our findings suggest that a predominance of antioxidant over pro-oxidant dietary and lifestyle exposures-separately and especially jointly-may be inversely associated with CRC risk among older women.
Our findings suggest that a predominance of antioxidant over pro-oxidant dietary and lifestyle exposures-separately and especially jointly-may be inversely associated with CRC risk among older women.
The emergence of autism symptoms in childhood is variable, with some children showing signs of autism spectrum disorder very early, and others not being identified until much later. R406 Syk inhibitor Although most children in the United States are not diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder until preschool, at ages 3-4 years, symptoms can be reliably detected at 14 months. It is less certain how those toddlers diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder earlier versus later differ from each other clinically. This study revealed that young children diagnosed later in development, between ages 25 and 41 months, are more impaired on measures of cognitive, adaptive, and social functioning than their counterparts who are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder earlier. All young children with autism spectrum disorder are impaired in communication to a similar degree, however. Universal autism screening at 18 months may identify toddlers with autism spectrum disorder when their symptoms are milder and more readily amenable to intervendisorder earlier. All young children with autism spectrum disorder are impaired in communication to a similar degree, however. Universal autism screening at 18 months may identify toddlers with autism spectrum disorder when their symptoms are milder and more readily amenable to intervention. Repeated screening at 24 months is supported to detect those children missed by an earlier screening, who may be more severely affected. Caregivers should be encouraged to pursue diagnostic evaluation at an initial positive screening result to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment.
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