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The limitation on signal processes implementable using conventional semiconductor circuits based on electric signals necessitates a revolutionary change in device structures such that they can exploit photons or light. Herein, we introduce optoelectric logic circuits that convert optical signals with different wavelengths corresponding to different colors into binary electric signals. Such circuits are assembled using unit devices in which the electric current through the semiconductor channel is effectively gated by lights of different colors. Color-selective optical modulation of the device is cleverly achieved using graphene decorated with different organic dyes as the electrode of a Schottky diode structure. The drastic change in the electrode work function under illumination induces a change in the height of the Schottky barrier formed at the electrode/semiconductor junction and consequent modulation of the electric current; we term the developed device a photonic barristor. We construct logic circuits using an array of photonic barristors and demonstrate that they execute the functions of conventional NAND and NOR gates from optical input signals.Flucloxacillin is a β-lactam antibiotic associated with a high incidence of drug-induced liver reactions. Although expression of HLA-B*5701 increases susceptibility, little is known about the pathological mechanisms involved in the induction of the clinical phenotype. Irreversible protein modification is suspected to drive the reaction through the presentation of flucloxacillin-modified peptides by the risk allele. In this study, the binding of flucloxacillin to proteins of liver-like cells was characterized. Flucloxacillin was shown to bind to proteins localized in bile canaliculi regions, coinciding with the site of clinical disease. The localization of flucloxacillin was mediated primarily by the membrane transporter multidrug resistance-associated protein 2. Modification of multiple proteins by flucloxacillin in bile canaliculi regions may provide a potential local source of neo-antigens for HLA presentation in the liver.Cities are responsible for more than 80% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Sequestration of air pollutants is one of the main ecosystem services that urban forests provide to the citizens. The atmospheric concentration of several pollutants such as carbon dioxide (CO2), tropospheric ozone (O3), and particulate matter (PM) can be reduced by urban trees through processes of adsorption and deposition. We predict the quantity of CO2, O3, and PM removed by urban tree species with the multilayer canopy model AIRTREE in two representative urban parks in Italy Park of Castel di Guido, a 3673 ha reforested area located northwest of Rome, and Park of Valentino, a 42 ha urban park in downtown Turin. We estimated a total annual removal of 1005 and 500 kg of carbon per hectare, 8.1 and 1.42 kg of ozone per hectare, and 8.4 and 8 kg of PM10 per hectare. We highlighted differences in pollutant sequestration between urban areas and between species, shedding light on the importance to perform extensive in situ measurements and modeling analysis of tree characteristics to provide realistic estimates of urban parks to deliver ecosystem services.Covalent organic framework (COF)-based membranes are burgeoning candidates for separation technologies owing to their well-ordered channel structures. The exponential interest in the stability of the COF membrane on exposure to harsh organic solvents is directed to develop a composite membrane for dye separations in polar aprotic solvents. Here, we reported a nanocomposite membrane composing of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)/COF (an imine-based COF) hybrid on a commercial polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) substrate, with a thickness of ∼58 nm prepared in a diffusion cell. This membrane displayed high permeability and stability toward nonpolar and aprotic solvents. It exhibited high permeability for lower viscous organic solvents such as hexane (66 L m-2 h-1 bar-1), acetone (60 L m-2 h-1 bar-1), and acetonitrile (59 L m-2 h-1 bar-1) with a desirable dye rejection (92.8% for Brilliant blue in acetone). Phosphoramidon The long-time operation demonstrated the excellent stability of the nanocomposite membrane. We herein reported a facile and mild method to prepare an ultrathin COF-based nanocomposite membrane with a porous, robust structure coupled with solvent durability capable of efficient dye separation.Sweat sensors that can continuously sample sweat are critical for determining the time-dependent physiological responses occurring in normal daily life. Here, a new device, termed fluidic patch, for collecting human sweat samples at defined time intervals is developed, and the proof-of-concept is demonstrated. The device comprises micropumps and a disposable microfluidic patch attached to the human skin. The fluidic patch continuously collects aliquots of freshly secreted sweat accumulated in the fluidic pathway at accurately defined time windows (typically 5 min). By measuring the weight of the collected samples, the local sweat rate is calculated. The sweat sample collected can be directly subjected to a wide range of chemical analyses. For the proof-of-concept, we compared the sweat rates during passive heating in human trials using the fluidic patch and the conventional ventilated sweat capsule system. Although the sweat rate obtained using the fluidic patch highly correlated with that of the ventilated sweat capsule (R2 = 0.96, y = 1.4x - 0.05), the fluidic patch overestimated the sweat rate compared with the ventilated capsule system when the sweat rate exceeded 0.5 mg/(cm2·min). The sampled sweat was analyzed for sodium, potassium, chloride, lactate, pyruvate, and cortisol. The device could obtain the time courses of the concentrations of the abovementioned three ions; the concentrations of sodium and chloride increased linearly with the sweat rate during passive heating (R2 = 0.76 and 0.66, respectively). The device can reliably measure the sweat rate and collect sweat samples for chemical analysis. It can be utilized for real-time physiological investigations toward wider applications.
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