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The objective of this study was to determine mtDNA sequences of the 481 bp HV1 region from two Indonesian native goat breeds, Kacang and Marica, to confirm the phylogeographic distribution of caprine haplogroup B in Southeast Asia. Based on these sequences, 12 haplotypes were observed and categorized into the predominant haplogroup B and minority haplogroup A, indicating that Indonesian native goats present the highest frequency (0.950) of the haplogroup B in the world. These results strongly emphasize previous observations of the haplogroup B frequencies tending to increase southeastward in Southeast Asia. Additionally, this suggests that goats primary bred into Southeast Asia might predominantly carry haplogroup B. This could essentially contribute to the understanding of the origin, propagation route and/or introgression history of Southeast Asian goats.
To investigate the operation time (OT) and ureteral access sheath (UAS) usage with the infection rates and to determine a cut-off value for OT.

We retrospectively analysed the data of the patients who underwent flexible ureterorenoscopy (FURS) for renal stones larger than 20mm between 2010 and 2019. The investigated parameters were OT, UAS using, and infection status. The data were analysed by forming two groups according to whether the OT was less than 60minutes and more, whether the UAS was used and whether an infection occurred. In addition, independent risk factors that may affect postoperative urinary infection development were also investigated by logistic regression analysis. And, a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied to determine a cut-off value in OT terms, where infection rates increase more.

A total of 575 patients were enrolled in the study. The rates of the usage of UAS and infection were greater statistically in the group for longer than 60minutes. OT was longer statistically in the infection group than in the group without infection (94.1±14.2 and 68.01±23.1, for groups 1 and 2, respectively, P<.05, Table 2). OT was statistically longer in the UAS group than the unused one (79.3±24.4 and 66.7±22.4, for groups 1 and 2, respectively, P<.05, Table 3). ROC analyses revealed a cut-off point of 87.5min for OT in terms of infection rate.

While the infection risk increases when OT exceeds 60minutes, FURS can be safely performed up to 87.5minutes with 89% sensitivity and 69% specificity infection risk.
While the infection risk increases when OT exceeds 60 minutes, FURS can be safely performed up to 87.5 minutes with 89% sensitivity and 69% specificity infection risk.Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease, depends on reactive oxygen species (ROS), which has been described to induce parasite proliferation in mammalian host cells. It is unknown how the parasite manages to increase host ROS levels. Here, we found that intracellular T. cruzi forms release in the host cytosol its major cyclophilin of 19 kDa (TcCyp19). Parasites depleted of TcCyp19 by using CRISPR/Cas9 gene replacement proliferate inefficiently and fail to increase ROS, compared to wild type parasites or parasites with restored TcCyp19 gene expression. NVP-DKY709 Expression of TcCyp19 in L6 rat myoblast increased ROS levels and restored the proliferation of TcCyp19 depleted parasites. These events could also be inhibited by cyclosporin A, (a cyclophilin inhibitor), and by polyethylene glycol-linked to antioxidant enzymes. TcCyp19 was found more concentrated in the membrane leading edges of the host cells in regions that also accumulate phosphorylated p47phox , as observed to the endogenous cyclophilin A, suggesting some mechanisms involved with the translocation process of the regulatory subunit p47phox in the activation of the NADPH oxidase enzymatic complex. We concluded that cyclophilin released in the host cell cytosol by T. cruzi mediates the increase of ROS, required to boost parasite proliferation in mammalian hosts.
To show if lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) could be symptoms of COVID-19 with validated questionnaires.

The 96 COVID-19 patients who were hospitalised at a tertiary centre were collected retrospectively. After the exclusion criteria, 46 patients consisted the study population. All patients then fill formed the International Prostate Symptom Score and Urinary Symptom Profile respectively. All patients responded to these questions for the three period.

Twenty-seven female (58.6%) and 19 male (41.4%) COVID-19 patients answered the questions. In the male patients, while there were no statistically significant differences in the total IPSS, the voiding IPSS score, and quality of life between the three periods (P=.148; P=.933, P=.079, respectively), the storage IPSS scores had a significant difference between the three periods (P=.05). In female patients, low stream scores were similar between the three periods (P=.368). The scores of stress incontinence and an overactive bladder had a significant difference between the three periods (P=.05 and P=.05).

LUTS, especially storage symptoms, might be one of the initial symptoms of COVID-19 and the clinicians should evaluate LUTS with other known symptoms of the virus when a patient is suspected of having COVID-19.
LUTS, especially storage symptoms, might be one of the initial symptoms of COVID-19 and the clinicians should evaluate LUTS with other known symptoms of the virus when a patient is suspected of having COVID-19.Scientific validity and risk assessment are two main ethical issues which raise specific challenges and are unique to clinical trials investigating crude extracts/fractions from herbal materials. There are considerable challenges for both clinical investigators and ethics committee members in dealing with such issues, many of them remain unresolved, resulting in a large variation in ethical requirements, justification, and decisions. Despite a remarkable surge in herbal medicine research globally, a number of clinical investigators or even ethics committee members have limited confidence in dealing with related ethical issues. In this article, we extensively review and discuss the two main ethical issues (i.e., scientific validity and risk assessment) and highlight key considerations that are important for ethical review and justification for the conduct of herbal drug trials.
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