Notes

Inborn problems of defense using eosinophilia.
GABA-producing L. plantarum activates anti-proliferative, anti-migration, and anti-invasion effects against 5-FU-resistant HT-29 cells. The inhibitory effects of GABA-producing L. plantarum are mediated via GABABR. Activated GABABR induces apoptosis through the inhibition of cAMP-dependent signaling pathways and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 (cIAP2) expression. Thus, the GABAergic system has potential in 5-FU-resistant HT-29 cells as a predictive biomarker. In addition, GABA-producing L. plantarum is promising as an adjuvant treatment for 5-FU-resistant CRC, and its intervention in neurobiological signaling imply new possibilities for chemoprevention and the treatment of colon cancer-related diseases.In prokaryotes, toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are commonly found. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/a-769662.html They likely reflect the adaptation of pathogenic bacteria or extremophiles to various unfavorable environments by slowing their growth rate. Genomic analysis of the extremophile Deinococcus radiodurans R1 revealed the presence of eight type II TA systems, including the genes dr0417, dr0660, dr1530, dr0690, and dr1807. Expression of these toxin genes led to inhibition of Escherichia coli growth, whereas their antidote antitoxins were able to recover the growth defect. Remarkably, Dr0417 (DrMazF) showed endoribonuclease activity toward rRNAs as well as mRNAs, as determined by in vivo and in vitro RNA cleavage assays, and this activity was inhibited by Dr0416 (DrMazE). It was also found that the expression of dr0416-0417 module is directly regulated by the DrMazE-MazF complex. Furthermore, this TA module was induced under stress conditions and plays an important role in survival. To understand the regulatory mechanism at the molecular level, we determined the first high-resolution structures of DrMazF alone and of the DrMazE-MazF complex. In contrast with the hetero-hexameric state of typical MazE-MazF complexes found in other species, DrMazE-MazF crystal structure consists of a hetero-trimer, with the DNA-binding domain of DrMazE undergoing self-cleavage at the flexible linker loop. Our structure revealed that the unique residue R54 provides an additional positive charge to the substrate-binding pocket of DrMazF, its mutation significantly affects the endonuclease activity. Thus, our work reports the unique structural and biochemical features of the DrMazE-MazF system.Putrescine, a typical polyamine compound important for cell growth and stress resistance, can be utilized as an energy source. However, the regulation of its catabolism is unclear. Here the small RNA (sRNA) Spot 42, an essential regulator of carbon catabolite repression (CCR), was confirmed to participate in the post-transcriptional regulation of putrescine catabolism in Escherichia coli. Its encoding gene spf exclusively exists in the γ-proteobacteria and contains specific binding sites to the 5'-untranslated regions of the puuE gene, which encodes transaminase in the glutamylated putrescine pathway of putrescine catabolism converting γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) into succinate semialdehyde (SSA). The transcription of the spf gene was induced by glucose, inhibited by putrescine, and unaffected by PuuR, the repressor of puu genes. Excess Spot 42 repressed the expression of PuuE significantly in an antisense mechanism through the direct and specific base-pairing between the 51`-57 nt of Spot 42 and the 5'-UTR of puuE. Interestingly, Spot 42 mainly influenced the stability of the puuCBE transcript. This work revealed the regulatory role of Spot 42 in putrescine catabolism, in the switch between favorable and non-favorable carbon source utilization, and in the balance of metabolism of carbon and nitrogen sources.Ogataea parapolymorpha (Hansenula polymorpha DL-1) is a thermotolerant methylotrophic yeast with biotechnological applications. Here, O. parapolymorpha genes whose expression is induced in response to heat shock were identified by transcriptome analysis and shown to possess heat shock elements (HSEs) in their promoters. The function of O. parapolymorpha HSF1 encoding a putative heat shock transcription factor 1 (OpHsf1) was characterized in the context of heat stress response. Despite exhibiting low sequence identity (26%) to its Saccharomyces cerevisiae homolog, OpHsf1 harbors conserved domains including a DNA binding domain (DBD), domains involved in trimerization (TRI), transcriptional activation (AR1, AR2), transcriptional repression (CE2), and a C-terminal modulator (CTM) domain. OpHSF1 could complement the temperature sensitive (Ts) phenotype of a S. cerevisiae hsf1 mutant. An O. parapolymorpha strain with an H221R mutation in the DBD domain of OpHsf1 exhibited significantly retarded growth and a Ts phenotype. Intriguingly, the expression of heat-shock-protein-coding genes harboring HSEs was significantly decreased in the H221R mutant strain, even under non-stress conditions, indicating the importance of the DBD for the basal growth of O. parapolymorpha. Notably, even though the deletion of C-terminal domains (ΔCE2, ΔAR2, ΔCTM) of OpHsf1 destroyed complementation of the growth defect of the S. cerevisiae hsf1 strain, the C-terminal domains were shown to be dispensable in O. parapolymorpha. Overexpression of OpHsf1 in S. cerevisiae increased resistance to transient heat shock, supporting the idea that OpHsf1 could be useful in the development of heat-shock-resistant yeast host strains.The wide use of malachite green (MG) as a dye has caused substantial concern owing to its toxicity. Bacillus cereus can against the toxic effect of MG and efficiently decolourise it. However, detailed information regarding its underlying adaptation and degradation mechanisms based on proteomic data is scarce. In this study, the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-facilitated quantitative method was applied to analyse the molecular mechanisms by which B. cereus degrades MG. Based on this analysis, 209 upregulated proteins and 198 downregulated proteins were identified with a false discovery rate of 1% or less during MG biodegradation. Gene ontology and KEGG analysis determined that the differentially expressed proteins were enriched in metabolic processes, catalytic activity, antioxidant activity, and responses to stimuli. Furthermore, real-time qPCR was utilised to further confirm the regulated proteins involved in benzoate degradation. The proteins BCE_4076 (Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase), BCE_5143 (Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase), BCE_5144 (3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase), BCE_4651 (Enoyl-CoA hydratase), and BCE_5474 (3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase) involved in the benzoate degradation pathway may play an important role in the biodegradation of MG by B.
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