Notes

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Diabetes has been associated with cognitive changes and an increased risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease, but it is unclear whether there are associations between diabetes and early alterations in cognitive performance. The present study consisted of a cross-section analysis of 14,444 participants aged 35-74 years and from a developing country at baseline in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil); these participants were recruited between 2008 and 2010. We investigated whether there was an association between diabetes and early changes in the cognitive performance of this Brazilian population. To assess cognitive domains, we used the word-list learning, word-list delayed recall and word recognition tests along. Phonemic verbal fluency tests included semantic phonemic test (animals) and a phonemic test (words beginning with the letter F). Executive functions associated with attention, concentration and psychomotor speed were evaluated using the Trail Making Test B. The exposure variable in the study was defined as diabetes. Multiple linear regression was used to estimate the association between diabetes and cognitive performance. The results were adjusted for age, sex, education, hypertension, coronary disease, depression, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and the cholesterol/HDL-C ratio. We found a significant association between diabetes and decreased memory, language and executive function (attention, concentration and psychomotor speed) performance in this population from a country with a distinct epidemiological profile, even after adjusting for the main intervening variables.Pyocyanin is a blue green phenazine pigment produced in large quantities by active cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with advantageous applications in medicine, agriculture and for the environment. Hence, in the present study, a potent bacterium was isolated from agricultural soil and was identified morphologically and by 16S rRNA sequencing as P. aeruginosa (isolate KU_BIO2). When the influence of nutrient supplements in both King's A and Nutrient media as amended was investigated, an enhanced pyocyanin production of 2.56 µg ml-1 was achieved in King's A medium amended with soya bean followed by 1.702 µg ml-1 of pyocyanin from the nutrient medium amended with sweet potato. Purified pyocyanin was characterized by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Furthermore, Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrum (LCMS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) confirmed its mass value at 211 and as N-CH3 protons resonating at 3.363 ppm as a singlet respectively. The isolated pyocyanin displayed remarkable dye property by inducing color change in cotton cloth from white to pink. Lastly, the antifungal activity of test pyocyanin showed inhibition of growth of rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea and bacterial blight of rice, Xanthomonas oryzae at concentrations of 150 and 200 ppm, respectively. Thus, this investigation provides evidence for diverse actions of pyocyanin which are nutrient dependent and are capable of acting on a large scale, by utilizing microbes existing in agriculture wastes, and thus could be used as an alternative source in the making of natural textile dyes with strong durability and a broad spectrum of ecofriendly agrochemicals.Heat stress is one of the common agrometeorological hazards in rice production in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. To study the mechanism of mist spray in ameliorating heat stress injury, a field experiment was conducted at Nanjing (China) with an early and a late hybrid rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.). The mist spray treatments were conducted at the flowering period, which were at August 6-10 for early rice variety and September 1-5 for late one. Four treatments at different irrigation times (T1 0800; T2 1200; T3 1400; CK no mist spray; mist spray amount of 1 L·m-2) were included. The temperature and humidity at the different heights of the rice canopy and the net solar radiation above the canopy were measured. The leaf senescence, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate and the yields of the rice were determined. The results showed that mist spray rapidly reduced the temperature and increased the relative humidity in the canopy. The cooling effect was most significant at the top of the canopy and decreased downward from the top of canopy. The duration of the temperature decrease caused by the mist spray was 2 h. Mist spray could lead to an increase in latent heat flux (LE) and a decrease in sensible heat flux (H) in the rice field. The mist spray treatments delayed the senescence of the rice leaves, increased the activity levels of the superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and soluble protein, reduced the malondialdehyde content, increased leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate and yield. The T2 treatment showed the most significant effect against heat stress, with the yield of the two varieties increased 13.7 and 13.6% respectively. Solcitinib Compared with mist spray at 0800 or 1400, spraying at 1200 had the strongest resistance to heat stress in rice field.Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are used in many applications; however, their interactions with cells, immune cells in particular, and potential health risk(s) are not fully known. In this manuscript, we have demonstrated the potential of ZnO NPs to cross the gut barrier in an invertebrate model, Bombyx mori, and that they can reach the hemolymph where they interact with and/or are taken up by immune-competent cells resulting in various toxic responses like decline in hemocyte viability, ROS generation, morphological alterations, apoptotic cell death, etc. Exposure to these NPs also resulted in alteration of hemocyte dynamics including an immediate increase in THC, possibly due to the release of these hemocytes either from enhanced rate of cell divisions or from attached hemocyte populations, and decline in percentage of prohemocytes and increase in percentage of two professional phagocytes, i.e., granulocytes and plasmatocytes, possibly due to the differentiation of prohemocytes into phagocytes in response to a perceived immune challenge posed by these NPs.
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