Notes

Well-designed as well as genetic selection involving native rhizobial isolates nodulating cowpea (Vigna unguiculata D. Walp.) in Mozambican garden soil.
Also, our method is not affected by numerical issues such as the zero-frequency catastrophe and does not contain integrals with (strong) singularities. To illustrate the robustness and versatility of our method, we show examples in the Rayleigh, Mie, and geometrical optics scattering regimes. Given the symmetry between the electric field and the magnetic field, our theoretical framework can also be used to solve for the magnetic field.A field-only boundary integral formulation of electromagnetics is derived without the use of surface currents that appear in the Stratton-Chu formulation. For scattering by a perfect electrical conductor (PEC), the components of the electric field are obtained directly from surface integral equation solutions of three scalar Helmholtz equations for the field components. The divergence-free condition is enforced via a boundary condition on the normal component of the field and its normal derivative. Field values and their normal derivatives at the surface of the PEC are obtained directly from surface integral equations that do not contain divergent kernels. Consequently, high-order elements with fewer degrees of freedom can be used to represent surface features to a higher precision than the traditional planar elements. This theoretical framework is illustrated with numerical examples that provide further physical insight into the role of the surface curvature in scattering problems.Predicting and computing the optical radiation force and torque experienced by an elliptical cylinder illuminated by a structured finite light-sheet beam in two dimensions (2D) remains a challenge from the standpoint of light-matter interactions in electromagnetic (EM) optics, tweezers, laser trapping, and scattering theory. In this work, the partial-wave series expansion method in cylindrical coordinates (which utilizes standard Bessel and Hankel wave functions) is proposed, verified, and validated. Exact expressions for the longitudinal and transverse radiation force components (per length) as well as the axial radiation torque component (per length) are derived analytically without any approximations. The example of a TE-polarized non-paraxial focused Gaussian light sheet illuminating a perfect electrically conducting (PEC) elliptical cylinder is considered. The scattering coefficients of the elliptical cylinder are determined by imposing the Neumann boundary condition and numerically solving a linear systf EM waves with elongated tubular particles with elliptical surfaces in particle manipulation and other areas. The analogy with the acoustical counterpart is also noted, which shows the universal character of the radiation force and torque phenomena.We develop a method to synthesize any partially coherent source (PCS) with a genuine cross-spectral density (CSD) function using complex transmittance screens. Prior work concerning PCS synthesis with complex transmittance screens has focused on generating Schell-model (uniformly correlated) sources. Here, using the necessary and sufficient condition for a genuine CSD function, we derive an expression, in the form of a superposition integral, that produces stochastic complex screen realizations. The sample autocorrelation of the screens is equal to the complex correlation function of the desired PCS. We validate our work by generating, in simulation, three PCSs from the literature-none has ever been synthesized using stochastic screens before. Examining planar slices through the four-dimensional CSD functions, we find the simulated results to be in excellent agreement with theory, implying successful realization of all three PCSs. The technique presented herein adds to the existing literature concerning the generation of PCSs and can be physically implemented using a simple optical setup consisting of a laser, spatial light modulator, and spatial filter.Real imaging optical systems are in any case finite in diameter and therefore limit the ray cones coming from the various object points. The truncation of the ray cones generates edge diffraction effects, which have an impact on the point spread function and therefore on the resolution of the system. Traditionally real calculations of the diffraction effects are mostly simplified by assuming a truncation in the exit pupil only. In this hybrid approach, the light propagation therefore can be calculated by raytrace first, and the more cumbersome diffraction calculated is only performed between exit pupil and image plane. To come to a better quantitative understanding of the validity of this approximation, a more refined model is developed in an adjacent publication. Some example calculations for real setups and an overview about the order of magnitude of the cascaded diffraction effects are worked out in this contribution.In every real optical system, the light beam or ray bundle is laterally limited by diaphragms or lens boundaries. SNDX-5613 manufacturer Therefore, from a rigorous point of view, a diffraction calculation of the point spread function by assuming a truncation at the exit pupil is a simplification. If several boundaries at different $z$z positions inside a system truncate the rays, cascaded diffraction occurs and the field in the exit pupil is modified in amplitude and phase by the edge diffraction effects at all relevant boundaries. A simple model for a fast estimation of these effects and a rule of thumb for real optical systems are worked out in this work.A fast algorithm for fluorescence diffuse optical tomography is proposed. The algorithm is robust against the choice of initial guesses. We estimate the position of a fluorescent target by assuming a cuboid (rectangular parallelepiped) for the fluorophore target. The proposed numerical algorithm is verified by a numerical experiment and an experiment with a meat phantom. The target position is reconstructed with a cuboid from measurements in the time domain. Moreover, the long-time behavior of the emission light is investigated making use of the analytical solution to the diffusion equation.We revisit the basic aspects of first-order optical systems from a geometrical viewpoint. In the paraxial regime, there is a wide family of beams for which the action of these systems can be represented as a Möbius transformation. We examine this action from the perspective of non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry and resort to the isometric-circle method to decompose it as a reflection followed by an inversion in a circle. We elucidate the physical meaning of these geometrical operations for basic elements, such as free propagation and thin lenses, and link them with physical parameters of the system.
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