Notes

CoCoA-diff: counterfactual inference regarding single-cell gene term investigation.
2% (95% CI, 41.9%-84.5%) and 59.6% (95% CI, 35.1%-77.4%), respectively. In 17 patients who received allo-SCT, only 4 patients underwent SCT in CR. The 2-year OS and PFS rates were 29.4% (95% CI, 10.7%-51.1%) and 17.6% (95% CI, 4.3%-38.3%), respectively. selleck compound The rate of non-relapse mortality at 1 year was 41.2% (95% CI, 17.1%-64.0%) in this group. The outcomes of single hit and double or triple hit were not different. These findings suggest that auto-SCT may be effective for MYC-R DLBCL, including DHL patients of chemosensitive relapsed or refractory state. Since most patients received allo-SCT not in CR, the outcome of allo-SCT was unsatisfactory due to high non-relapse mortality and early relapse. To clarify the role of allo-SCT for MYC-R DLBCL, further accumulation of patients is necessary.Engraftment syndrome (ES) following autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) at the time of neutrophil recovery may comprise fever, rash, pulmonary edema, or diarrhea. Usually, ES is easily manageable using corticosteroids but may prolong hospitalization. In two consecutive cohorts of subsequent patients with myeloma, lymphomas, and testicular/germ cell cancer, we assessed the benefit of corticosteroid use to prevent incidence and severity of ES following ASCT. Whereas Cohort A (82 patients) received no prophylactic corticosteroids, corticosteroids (4 mg dexamethasone oral daily) were started in Cohort B (60 patients) at day +9 until day +13 following ASCT. Steroid prophylaxis significantly reduced the incidence of ES (6/60; 10% vs. 33/82; 40%; p less then 0.001). Hospitalization duration was longer in patients with ES than in patients without ES within both cohorts (in Cohort A p = 0.007; and B p = 0.011), but did not differ significantly between cohorts A and B. Finally, in Cohort A, there was a trend to an inferior 2-year overall survival rate in patients without ES compared to patients with ES (p = 0.067), but definite conclusions are not yet allowed. Our results suggest that corticosteroid prophylaxis from days +9 to +13 following ASCT significantly reduces the risk of ES and shortens hospitalization duration.d-Pantothenic acid (D-PA) is an essential vitamin widely used in food, feed, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. An Escherichia coli platform was developed for the high-level production of D-PA from glucose through fed-batch cultivation. Initially, the effects of different glucose feeding strategies D-PA synthesis were studied. It was found that D-PA production in glucose control (5 g/L) fed-batch culture reached 24.3 g/L, which was 4.09 times that in the batch culture. Next, the effect of auxotrophic amino acid (isoleucine)-limited feeding on D-PA production was investigated. The results revealed that isoleucine feeding decreased the accumulation of by-product acetic acid and promoted D-PA production significantly. Furthermore, an isoleucine feeding embedded multistage glucose supply strategy was established, and a maximum titer of 39.1 g/L was achieved. To the best of our knowledge, this levels are the highest reported so far in engineered E. coli for the D-PA production. The developed fed-batch feeding strategy may be useful for the industrial D-PA production by E. coli.Moulting strategies in birds have evolved to avoid overlap with, or prepare for, other demanding parts of the annual cycle, such as reproduction or migration. When moulting for the first time after leaving the nest, young birds replace their typically poor-quality plumage during the post-juvenile moult. The extent of this moult varies between species from partial to complete. Earlier studies, restricted to Western Palearctic birds, suggest that in most species a complete post-juvenile moult may not be possible simply because young birds are constrained by not having the same access to resources as adults, unless environmental conditions are favourable. These studies also show that complete post-juvenile moult is more common in species with poor-quality nest-grown plumage. We expanded the spatial and taxonomic scope of previous studies to 1,315 species of passerines from across the world and considered both the role of constraints, plumage quality and other selective pressures favouring a complete post-juvenila complete moult. In particular, the necessity to keep the plumage in good condition in challenging environments and the benefits associated with producing adult-like plumage colours to attract mates or deter rivals seem to play an important role.Drought and heat stress are two dominant abiotic stress factors that often occur simultaneously in nature causing oxidative damage in plants and thus decline in yield. The present study was conducted to examine the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced heat and drought tolerance in sunflower through physiological, biochemical and molecular analysis. The results showed that drought and heat stress triggered oxidative stress as revealed by enhanced level in hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage. Moreover, the photosynthetic attributes such as photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and quantum efficiency declined when subjected to drought and heat stress. In this study, GABA treatment effectively alleviated the drought and heat-induced stress as reflected by significantly higher levels of proline, soluble sugar and total protein content. Besides, the data also revealed the direct relationship between antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, glutathione reductase, monodehydroascorbate peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase) and the relative expression of genes (Heat Shock Proteins, Dehydrin, Osmotin, Aquaporin, Leaf Embryogenesis Protein), under drought and heat stress. Moreover, a significant increase in gene expression was observed upon GABA treatment with respect to control. This data suggest that GABA-induced drought and heat tolerance in sunflower could involve the improvement in osmolyte metabolism, gene expression and antioxidant enzyme activities and thus a rise in the GABA shunt which in turn provides intermediates during long-term drought and heat stress, thus maintaining homeostasis.
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