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This study was conducted in order to investigate the effects of heat stress exposure on the concentrations of amino acids within the plasma and the brain of chicks. Methodology Five electronic databases including; PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase and ProQuest were reviewed to find relative literature published until the March 8, 2019. A total of eight relative studies and 194 chicks were analyzed. The Random Effects model and the Fixed Effects model were performed. Using the Random Effects model for amino acids, a Standardized mean difference (SMD) of 2.05 and 1.46 was obtained for alanine and threonine concentrations respectively. This indicates a significant increase in the concentration of these amino acids within the plasma. An SMD of -2.68 and -2.46 was obtained for cysteine and proline concentrations respectively, this indicates a significant decrease in the concentration of these amino acids within the plasma. The pooled estimates regarding the effect of heat stress exposure on plasma amino acid concentrations for proline were -0.013. The SMDs obtained for amino acid concentrations within the brain (diencephalon) including leucine, methionine, valine and isoleucine were 1.799, 0.88, 2.11, 1.85, respectively, This indicates a significant increase in the concentration of these amino acids within the brain (P less then 0.05). Comparing the SMD obtained for long-term heat exposure (two weeks) with the SMD obtained for short-term heat exposure shows that plasma amino acid concentrations including aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine, lysine, methionine, valine, isoleucine, tyrosine, glycine, proline, phenylalanine and threonine had all decreased. The relationship between heat exposure and changes in the concentration of some amino acids in the plasma is an important scientific finding.With the expanding use of thermal assessment techniques in beef cattle, infrared thermography has become a promising tool for assessing the environment for animal thermal comfort. Goals of this study were (1) to evaluate cattle thermal comfort in agroforestry systems with different shade availability (2) to verify the spatiotemporal variations of infrared temperature inside agroforestry systems, and; (3) to test infrared thermography as a potential tool to assess animal thermal comfort indices in agroforestry systems. A trial was carried out between June 2015 and February 2016, covering Central-Brazil's dry winter and rainy summer seasons, respectively. The experimental area of Embrapa Beef Cattle is located in Campo Grande (Mato Grosso do Sul), coordinates 20°24'53″ S, 54°42'26″ W and 558 m altitude. The 12 ha plot has two agroforestry systems varying shade availability. Traditional Black Globe Temperature and Humidity Index, Heat Load Index and Radiation Thermal Load were determined, from measurements using digital thermo-hygrometers, with datalogger. Surface temperature and humidity of tree canopies and pasture were determined using an infrared thermographic camera. Results show spatiotemporal variations in infrared temperature. This means that the environment inside agroforestry systems is not homogeneously comfortable for cattle, and the system with the lowest shade availability has the greatest heat accumulation area. Weak to strong associations were identified between infrared variables and thermal comfort indices (0.08 = r ≤ 0.75). Positive relationships were also obtained and equally well explained by the Black Globe Temperature and Humidity Index and Heat Load Index (0.55 = R2 ≤ 0.94). We conclude that infrared thermography can be used as a tool to assess thermal comfort indices in agroforestry systems and to determine onset of animal thermal stress from environment and heat body accumulation.Diurnal changes in physiological and behavioral responses to constant relative humidity (RH) were investigated in summer to validate a hypothesis that thermal sensation responses (TSR) vary with the diurnal cycle while maintained at stable RH's of 60, 70, or 80%. Seven lightly clothed male subjects were exposed to one of three RH while air temperature (Ta) was held at 28 °C from 900-1830. Mean skin temperature (T‾sk) and tympanic temperature (Tty) were monitored at 2-min intervals throughout the experimental period. Cutaneous warm and cool sensation thresholds and stratum corneum water content (SCWC) on the anterior forearm, posterior forearm, and anterior thigh, finger blood flow rate (SkBF) were measured by a thermal stimulator controlled by a Peltier element (Intercross-230; Intercross, Co., Tokyo, Japan), a water content of stratum corneum monitor (Corneometer CM825 & MPA 5; Integral Co., Tokyo, Japan), and a laser flowmeter (ALF21; Advance Co., Tokyo, Japan), accordingly at the end of three periods 930-1on in SkBF to increases SCWC when exposed to high RH explains the altered TSR although Ta are unchanged.Rocky retreats are limited and geologically constrained resources for rock-dwelling nocturnal lizards. Such lizards should seek retreats that offer thermoregulatory benefits without the risk of overheating during the day, and that protect from predation. For cold-adapted species where air temperature is frequently lower than optimum temperature for performance, factors influencing retreat-site selection and whether future warmer conditions will force superficial rock slabs to be abandoned on hot days remain poorly known. Here, we predicted that retreats selected by a nocturnally foraging, cool-temperate gecko from southern New Zealand would be thermally heterogeneous and that future warmer temperature will force lizards to abandon daytime retreats on hot days. We sampled loose rock slabs (potential retreats) in a tussock-grassland site in all seasons. We measured seasonal rock temperature profiles and field body temperature (Tb) of captured geckos using thermography and quantified the physical characteristics of each potential retreat. We found that both physical characteristics and rock temperatures determine choice of retreats. learn more Field Tb of lizards positively correlated with retreat and air temperatures. Also, retreat temperatures, including those of the substrate below the rock slabs, showed complex heterogeneity enabling lizards to choose microsites within retreats to achieve preferred body temperatures intermittently. Observed seasonal shifts in characteristics of occupied rocks imply that lizards choose retreats to maximise warmth in spring, minimise risk of overheating (remain below voluntary thermal maximum, VTmax) in summer and avoid freezing over winter. Our study demonstrates the importance of microclimatic conditions in influencing retreat-site selection. Climate warming might lead to seasonal changes in use of rock slabs and possibly be beneficial initially, but longer-term implications need to be examined.
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