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Social determinants of health (SDH) can substantially impact health outcomes. A systematic review, however, has never been conducted on associations of SDH with congenital heart disease (CHD) outcomes. The aim, therefore, was to conduct such a systematic review.

Seven databases were searched through May 2020 to identify articles on SDH associations with CHD. SDH examined included poverty, uninsurance, housing instability, parental educational attainment, immigration status, food insecurity, and transportation barriers. Studies were independently selected and coded by two researchers based on the PICO statement.

The search generated 3992 citations; 88 were included in the final database. TAK779 SDH were significantly associated with a lower likelihood of fetal CHD diagnosis, higher CHD incidence and prevalence, increased infant mortality, adverse post-surgical outcomes (including hospital readmission and death), decreased healthcare access (including missed appointments, no shows, and loss to follow-up), impairo our knowledge) on associations of SDH with congenital heart disease CHD outcomes. SDH screening and referral to appropriate services has the potential to improve outcomes for CHD patients across the lifespan.Cocaine abuse continues to be a serious health problem worldwide. Despite intense research, there is still no FDA-approved medication to treat cocaine use disorder (CUD). In this report, we explored the potential utility of beta-caryophyllene (BCP), an FDA-approved food additive for the treatment of CUD. We found that BCP, when administered intraperitoneally or intragastrically, dose-dependently attenuated cocaine self-administration, cocaine-conditioned place preference, and cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug seeking in rats. In contrast, BCP failed to alter food self-administration or cocaine-induced hyperactivity. It also failed to maintain self-administration in a drug substitution test, suggesting that BCP has no abuse potential. BCP was previously reported to be a selective CB2 receptor agonist. Unexpectedly, pharmacological blockade or genetic deletion of CB1, CB2, or GPR55 receptors in gene-knockout mice failed to alter BCP's action against cocaine self-administration, suggesting the involvement of non-CB1, non-CB2, and non-GPR55 receptor mechanisms. Furthermore, pharmacological blockade of μ opioid receptor or Toll-like receptors complex failed to alter, while blockade of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα, PPARγ) reversed BCP-induced reduction in cocaine self-administration, suggesting the involvement of PPARα and PPARγ in BCP's action. Finally, we used electrical and optogenetic intracranial self-stimulation (eICSS, oICSS) paradigms to study the underlying neural substrate mechanisms. We found that BCP is more effective in attenuation of cocaine-enhanced oICSS than eICSS, the former driven by optical activation of midbrain dopamine neurons in DAT-cre mice. These findings indicate that BCP may be useful for the treatment of CUD, likely by stimulation of PPARα and PPARγ in the mesolimbic system.
Although short adult height has been associated with an increasing variety of diseases and all-cause death, no reliable data exist on the association between adult height and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in diabetic patients. We investigated the relationship between short adult height, development of ESRD, and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).

This nationwide population-based cohort study analyzed clinical data from a total of 2,621,907 subjects aged ≥30 years with type 2 DM between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2012, using the National Health Insurance Database in Korea.

During a 6.9-year follow-up period, 220,457 subjects (8.4%) died, and 28,704 subjects (1.1%) started dialysis. Short adult height significantly increased the incidence of ESRD and all-cause mortality in the overall cohort analysis. In multivariable Cox models, hazard ratios (HR) for the development of ESRD comparing the highest and lowest quartiles of adult height were 0.86 (95% CI 0.83-0.89). All-cause mortality also decreased with the highest height compared to patients with the lowest height, after fully adjusting for confounding variables (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.78-0.81). Adult height had an inverse relationship to newly diagnosed ESRD (male HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.83-0.90, female HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.79-0.90) and all-cause mortality (male HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.79-0.82, female HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.78-0.82).

Short adult height is strongly associated with the increased risk of ESRD development and all-cause mortality in type 2 DM.
Short adult height is strongly associated with the increased risk of ESRD development and all-cause mortality in type 2 DM.
We assessed the sex-specific differences in the molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in muscle and adipose tissue, in a MS rat model induced by a high sucrose diet.

Male, female, and ovariectomized female Wistar rats were randomly distributed in control and high-sucrose diet (HSD) groups, supplemented for 24 weeks with 20% sucrose in the drinking water. At the end, we assessed parameters related to MS, analyzing the effects of the HSD on critical nodes of the insulin signaling pathway in muscle and adipose tissue.

At the end of the treatment, HSD groups of both sexes developed obesity, with a 15, 33 and 23% of body weight gain in male, female, and OVX groups respectively, compared with controls; mainly related to hypertrophy of peripancreatic and gonadal adipose tissue. They also developed hypertriglyceridemia, and liver steatosis, with the last being worse in the HSD females. Compared to the control groups, HSD rats had higher IL1B and TNFA levels and insulin resistance. HSD females were more intolerant to glucose than HSD males. Our observations suggest that insulin resistance mechanisms include an increase in phosphorylated AKT(S473) form in HSD male and female groups and a decrease in phosphorylated P70S6K1(T389) in the HSD male groups from peripancreatic adipose tissue. TAK779 While in gonadal adipose tissue the phosphorylated form of AKT decreased in HSD females, but not in HSD males. Finally, HSD groups showed a reduction in p-AKT levels in gastrocnemius muscle.

A high-sucrose diet induces MS and insulin resistance with sex-associated differences and in a tissue-specific manner.
A high-sucrose diet induces MS and insulin resistance with sex-associated differences and in a tissue-specific manner.
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