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Endemic swelling within pre-clinical ulcerative colitis.
To study the effect of combined ultraviolet (UV) chloramine disinfection on viruses in a drinking water supply system, a full-scale experiment was conducted to analyze the distribution, variability, community structure, and hosts of viruses using metagenomics. The results showed that the combined UV chloramine process reduced the number of virus species (6.13%) and gene abundance (51.97%) but did not completely remove the viruses from the water. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) report that virus removal efficiencies from water can reach 99%-99.99% based on culturing methods. However, in this study, metagenomic analysis indicated a total virus removal rate of only 93.46%. Therefore, the detection of viruses in water using culturing method cannot reliably detect viruses in drinking water. Caudovirales are the most abundant type of virus in water supply systems and are sensitive to chloramine disinfection. Lentivirus, as a virus that can infect humans and vertebrates, has strong resistance to UV and chloramine disinfection. The main virus hosts in the studied water supply system were bacteria (61.50%). The viruses in the raw water were mainly parasitic in Synechococcus. The dominant virus host was Pseudomonas in both the effluent water and pipe network water. The gene abundance of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa host in the pipe network increased by 342.62%, which requires further attention as a virus risk in pipe network systems. Overall, combined UV chloramine disinfection was more effective at the removal of virus hosts than single UV disinfection (51.97% compared to 0.79%).Four antibiotics[azithromycin (AZM), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and tetracycline (TCY)], and the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)[sulfonamides (sul1 and sul2), tetracyclines (tetX and tetM), quinolones (qnrS and qnrD), macrolides (ermB), and 16S rDNA] were selected as target compounds. Artificial ecosystems were constructed with combinations of two emergent plants and Microcystis aeruginosa (Acorus calamus+Cordyceps, algae+Cordyceps, algae+Acorus calamus, and algae+Acorus calamus+Cordyceps) in an indoor-simulated river system. Throughout the artificial ecosystems, changes in antibiotic concentrations and other pollution indicators (i.e., COD, NH4+-N, TP, and TN) were monitored in different media (the aqueous phase, sediment phase, and in plants), and the distribution and removal of ARGs in aqueous and sediment phases were explored. Removal of the target compounds was calculated based on mass balance, and the correlation between ARG abundance and environmental factors in the aqueous and sedd environmental factors were correlated in the aqueous phase, while AZM and its corresponding ARGs were not significantly correlated in the sediment phase. The results showed that ARGs can be targeted under corresponding antibiotic pressure and other types of environmental pressure. In the study system, the concentrations of antibiotics did not directly affect the transmission of ARGs. Overall, this study shows that artificial ecosystems constructed with emergent plants and Microcystis aeruginosa can be effective at purifying water and reducing the environmental risks of antibiotics in urban rivers.The pollution of surface waters by pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has aroused widespread concern. Constructed wetlands (CWs) have outstanding advantages in the removal of PPCPs; however, few studies have focused on the interaction of different types of PPCPs in CWs. In this study, two typical PPCPs[broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents triclosan (TCS) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF)] were selected as target pollutants and their removal behavior in subsurface flow CWs was analyzed. The effects of different seasons and influent conditions (i.e., single and combined addition of TCS and DCF) on removal efficiency was also examined. The main parameters of the CW system were as followsthe up-flow subsurface CW had a hydraulic load of 0.20 m·d-1 and a hydraulic residence time of 3 d with a continuous flow inlet. The initial influent concentration of PPCPs was 80 g·L-1 for TCS and 25 g·L-1 for DCF. The results showed that the average removal efficiencies for TCS and DCF in summer (91.72% and 85.86%, respectively) were significantly higher than in winter (52.88% and 32.47%, respectively). Independent sample t-tests confirmed that there was no significant difference in the removal efficiency of TCS and DCF under the different influent conditions (single and combined addition). check details The degradation products of TCS and DCF were also no different between the influent systems, and the representative degradation products of TCS were not detected in all systems. The main degradation products of DCF in the different systems were 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid and m-dichlorobenzene. The two studied PPCPs showed no significant antagonism and competition effects at trace levels.The Laoguan River is the tributary of Danjiangkou Reservoir located nearest to the water diversion outlet, and water quality here directly affects the safety of the diverted water. To explore the community composition and functional change of bacterioplankton in the Laoguan River before and after the flood season, four representative sites were sampled in the main stream before (May) and after (October) the 2018 and 2019 flood seasons. Water quality was assessed and high-throughput sequencing of bacterioplankton was performed. Yanghe (YH) was slightly disturbed, Xixiabei (XX) was moderately disturbed, Dangziling (DZL) was heavily disturbed, and Zhangying (ZY) was moderately disturbed. In total, 599 genera from 40 phyla were collected. The diversity of bacterioplankton before the flood season was higher than afterwards, and moderate levels of disturbance increased the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. LEfSe analysis indicated that significant differences existed in some dominant phyla; Armatimonadete in Yanghe, nd eutrophication in the Laoguan River. Changes in nitrogen inputs will result in changes in microbial nitrogen metabolic function in different regions of the river.
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