Notes

The colors individuals brain: a approach for dimensionality decrease as well as explainability within fMRI via color html coding (i-ECO).
Calorie restriction (CR), dietary modification, and exercise is the recommended therapy to reverse obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In the liver, calorie restriction shifts hepatic metabolism from lipid storage to lipid utilization pathways, such as AMP-activated kinase (AMPK). Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), a fluorosurfactant previously used in stain repellents and anti-stick materials, can increase hepatic lipids in mice following relatively low dose exposures. find more To test the hypothesis that PFOS administration interferes with CR adult male C57BL/6N mice were fed ad libitum or a 25% reduced calorie diet concomitant with either vehicle (water) or 100 μg PFOS/kg/day via oral gavage for 6 weeks. CR alone improved hepatic lipids and glucose tolerance. PFOS did not significantly alter CR-induced weight loss, white adipose tissue mass, or liver weight over 6 weeks. However, PFOS increased hepatic triglyceride accumulation, in both mice fed ad libitum and subjected to CR. This was associated with decreased phosphorylated AMPK expression in liver. Glucagon (100 nM) treatment induced glucose production in hepatocytes, which was further upregulated with PFOS (2.5 μM) co-treatment. Next, to explore whether the observed changes were related to AMPK signaling, HepG2 cells were treated with metformin or AICAR alone or in combination with PFOS (25 μM). PFOS interfered with glucose lowering effects of Metformin, and AICAR treatment partially impaired PFOS-induced increase in glucose production. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, metformin was less effective with PFOS co-treatment. Overall, PFOS administration disrupted hepatic lipid and glucose homeostasis and interfered with beneficial glucose lowering effects of calorie restriction and Metformin.To determine whether visit-to-visit blood pressure (BP) variability (BPV) is associated with incident frailty. We included 1,394 non-frail community-dwelling participants aged ≥ 70 years from the Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT) who underwent repeated clinical examinations, including BP and frailty, over a 5-year follow-up period. Systolic BPV (SBPV), diastolic BPV (DBPV), mean arterial pressure variability (MAPV) and pulse pressure variability (PPV) were evaluated using standard deviation, coefficient of variation (CV), average real variability, successive variation, variation independent of mean and residual standard deviation. Incident frailty was assessed using the Fried phenotype. Cox proportional hazards models were used for the analyses. Higher SBPV was significantly associated with greater risk of frailty (1-sd increase of CV HR = 1.18, 95% CI [1.02-1.36]) after adjustment for demographics, systolic BP, antihypertensive drugs, body mass index, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, stroke, atrial fibrillation, MAPT randomization group and frailty status. Similar results were observed with all indicators of variability. Higher PPV was associated with a greater risk of developing frailty over time (1-sd increase of CV HR = 1.17, 95% CI [1.01-1.35]). DBPV and MAPV were not significantly associated with incident frailty. Higher SBPV and PPV were associated with greater risk of incident frailty. Our findings support the concept of BP physiological dysregulation underlying the frail state and suggest that BP instability could be an early marker of frailty.The management of colorectal stricture complicating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains a challenging condition. Stricture raises concern about neoplastic complications, which cannot be fully ruled out by negative endoscopic biopsies. Also, impassable strictures restrict the endoscopic monitoring of upstream disease activity and dysplasia. Surgery remains the "gold standard" treatment for colonic strictures but is associated with high morbidity. Over the last few decades, our therapeutic arsenal for IBD has been reinforced by biologics and therapeutic endoscopy. Few studies have focused on colonic strictures, and so current therapeutic strategies are based on a low level of evidence and applied by analogy with the treatment of ileal strictures. With a view to facilitating the decision-making process in clinical practice, we reviewed the literature on the epidemiology, natural history and management of colonic strictures in IBD.Understanding host use by psyllids (Hemiptera Psylloidea) benefits from comparative studies of behavior on host and nonhost plant species. While most psyllid species develop on one or a few closely related plant species, some species are generalized enough to develop on species across plant families. We used electropenetography (EPG) technology to compare probing activities of an oligophagous psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc)) and a host-specialized psyllid (Bactericera maculipennis) on two species of Solanaceae (potato, Solanum tuberosum L. and matrimony vine, Lycium barbarum L.) and two species of Convolvulaceae (field bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L. and sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas). Bactericera cockerelli develops on all four species, albeit with longer development times on Convolvulaceae. Bactericera maculipennis develops only on Convolvulaceae. Bactericera cockerelli fed readily from phloem of all four species, but the likelihood of entering phloem and duration of time in phloem was reduced on suboptimal hosts (Convolvulaceae) relative to behavior on Solanaceae. We observed instances of cycling between bouts of phloem salivation and ingestion in assays of optimal (Solanaceae) hosts not observed on Convolvulaceae. The Convolvulaceae-specialized B. maculipennis (Crawford) failed to feed from phloem of nonhosts (Solanaceae). Both psyllid species readily ingested from xylem of all plant species, irrespective of host status. Our finding that phloem feeding by B. maculipennis did not occur on potato has implications for understanding epidemiology of phloem-limited psyllid-vectored plant pathogens. Our results also showed that EPG assays detect subtle variation in probing activities that assist in understanding host use by psyllids.
To establish the efficacy of medications, incidence of adverse events (AE) and withdrawal rates (WR) of the pharmacological management of chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) pain.

PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, CENTRAL and PsycINFO were searched (November 2017) and updated (January 2020). Two independent review authors screened and identified papers for inclusion.

Twenty-one studies met inclusion for efficacy analysis and 17 for AEs and WR analysis; no additional paper were included from the up dated 2020 search. Treatments were divided into 6 categories anticonvulsants (n = 6), antidepressants (n = 3), analgesics (n = 8), anti-spasticity (n = 2), cannabinoids (n = 1) and other (n = 2). Trials of anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and cannabinoids included long-term follow-up trials (2 weeks- 4 months), and analgesics, anti-spasticity, among others were short term trials (0-2 days). Effectiveness for NP was found for Pregabalin (3/3 studies) and Lidocaine (2/3 studies). Studies using Ketamine also reported effectiveness (2/2) but the quality of these papers was rated as poor.
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