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Thus, a significant electrochemical signal increase is observed dependent on the concentration of the target RNA, with a very low detection limit. Mo-reover, this molecular biosensor also exhibits excellent specificity to distinguish even single base mismatched, with strong reliability. The developed biosensor provides a novel promising tool for ultra-sensitive and selective detection, and it has great potential to be applied in mRNA-related biochemical research and clinical cancer diagnostics in more detail.Acute intoxication incidents due to neurotoxic organophosphate (OP) insecticides are occasionally reported, related either to suicidal attempts or occupational exposure due to the misuse of protective equipment. Among them, chlorpyrifos is a compound related to great controversy, which is still authorized and easily accessible in many countries around the world. However, to screen for its exposure markers, instrumental methods are commonly applied, which cannot enable rapid monitoring at an early stage of an intoxication. Therefore, in this study, a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) able to rapidly screen for chlorpyrifos-oxon, the toxic chlorpyrifos metabolite, in human serum was developed and fully validated. The μPAD combines wax-printed butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) paper sensors, a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) prototype injector and a smartphone as the analytical detector. In principle, the wax-printed strips with adsorbed BChE are embedded into LOC injectors able to deliver samples and reagents on-demand. A smartphone reader was used to monitor the color development on the strips providing binary qualitative results. μPAD method performance characteristics were thoroughly evaluated in terms of specificity, detection capability (CCβ) and ruggedness. The developed analytical platform is rapid (results within 10 min), cost-efficient (0.70 €), potentially applicable at the point-of-need and attained a low CCβ (10 μg L-1 in human serum). Finally, μPAD characteristics were critically compared to well-established methods, namely an in-house BChE microplate assay and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.As COVID-19 has reached pandemic status and the number of cases continues to grow, widespread availability of diagnostic testing is critical in helping identify and control the emergence of this rapidly spreading and serious illness. However, a lacking in making a quick reaction to the threat and starting early development of diagnostic sensing tools has had an important impact globally. In this regard, here we will review critically the current developed diagnostic tools in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and compare the different types through the discussion of their pros and cons such as nucleic acid detection tests (including PCR and CRISPR), antibody and protein-based diagnosis tests. In addition, potential technologies that are under development such as on-site diagnosis platforms, lateral flow, and portable PCR units are discussed. Data collection and epidemiological analysis could also be an interesting factor to incorporate with the emerging technologies especially with the wide access to smartphones. Lastly, a SWOT analysis and perspectives on how the development of novel sensory platforms should be treated by the different decision-makers are analyzed.This study assesses the application of a handheld, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) device, namely the NeoSpectra Micro, for the determination of oregano authenticity. Utilising a large sample set of oregano (n = 295) and potential adulterants of oregano (n = 109), models were developed and validated using SIMCA 15 software. The models demonstrated excellent predictability for the determination of authentic oregano and adulterant samples. The optimal model resulted in a 93.0% and 97.5% correct prediction for oregano and adulterants, respectively. Different standardisation approaches were assessed to determine model transferability to a second NIRS device. In the case of the second device, the best predictions were achieved with data that had not undergone any spectral standardisation (raw). Cladribine Subsequently, the optimal model was able to correctly predict 90% of authentic oregano samples and 100% of the adulterant samples on the second device. This study demonstrates the potential of the device to be used as a simple, cost effective, reliable and handheld screening tool for the determination of oregano authenticity, at various stages of the food supply chain. It is believed that such forms of monitoring could be highly beneficial in other areas of food authenticity analysis to help combat the negative economical and health implications of food fraud.A method for monitoring the efficiency of the hybrid magnetoliposomes (h-MLs) separation using multiphase density gradient centrifugation (MDGC) coupled with a continuous flow system (CFS) is described. Several h-MLs suspensions containing hydrophobic magnetic gold nanoparticles (Fe3O4@AuNPs-C12SH) and different fluorophores encapsulated have been synthesized using the rapid solvent evaporation (RSE) method. The MDGC system was prepared using a non-linear multiphase density gradient formed with a bottom layer with 100% (v/v) sucrose solution and six layers containing a mixture of sucrose solution (with concentrations ranged between 10 and 55% v/v), and fixed concentrations of ficoll (30% v/v) and percoll (15% v/v) solutions. The density gradient profile was previously stabilized using a relative centrifugal force (RCF) of 4480×g for 30 min. The synthesized h-MLs were added to the density gradient profile and separated by centrifugation at 2520×g for 20 min. The efficiency of the separation procedure was tested, aspirating the separated extract into the CFS and lysing liposomes before their translation to the detector introducing surfactant solutions. The luminescence signals provided by the release of the encapsulated fluorophores and other materials provided the distribution status of the liposomes in each density gradient stage. The monitoring of the different samples revealed four different fractions (MLs, h-Ls, h-MLs, and non-encapsulated fluorophores) for each separated h-MLs. Additional information on the h-MLs has also been acquired by confocal microscopy.
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