Notes

Energetic changes in otopathogens colonizing the nasopharynx and also leading to intense otitis media in children soon after 13-valent (PCV13) pneumococcal conjugate vaccine during 2015-2019.
9, 95% CI = 1.2, 12.5), and not involving in women's development army (WDA), (AOR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.0, 10.5) increased the risk of home delivery. Moreover, low maternal knowledge on danger signs of pregnancy (AOR = 6.5, 95% CI = 1.5, 29.0) and negative maternal attitudes towards institutional delivery (AOR = 4.4, 95% CI = 1.4, 14.1) were other factors that increased the risk of home delivery.

Among our study participants, a number of factors increased the risk of home delivery. Improving women's awareness on the importance of institutional delivery, establishing systems for integration between TBAs and health facilities, empowering women and promoting them to participation in WDA were recommended.
Among our study participants, a number of factors increased the risk of home delivery. Improving women's awareness on the importance of institutional delivery, establishing systems for integration between TBAs and health facilities, empowering women and promoting them to participation in WDA were recommended.
Attitudes and beliefs could be associated with the low number of vaccinations in low- to middle-income countries such as Vietnam. MK-0752 manufacturer This study aims to describe ways to develop and assess the attitudes towards Hepatitis B vaccination.

A mixed-method study was carried out between April 2015 and July 2017. Qualitative data were gathered via semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The data were then analyzed thematically into four domains of the Health Belief Model (HBM) in order to design the structured questionnaire. The quantitative strand was followed by the evaluation of the reliability and the construct validity, for which data were obtained after interviewing 768 parents whose children aged from 12 to 24 months, who were receiving the vaccines as part of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) schedules at the Commune Health Centers.

The findings showed the content validity index value of 13 items ranged from 0.86 to 1.00. The factor analyses showed that 11 items remained in the fiy be used to promote interventions within the increasing vaccination coverage for Vietnamese children.
Rare or orphan diseases have become an important target of healthcare activities all over the world. The study aims to identify ethical questions linked to rare diseases and orphan drugs and ethical principles or approaches applied to solve them.

Relevant peer-reviewed articles were identified by means of a systematic review. The literature was searched from 20 May 2020 to 20 June 2020. The search included the databases PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science (2010 - April 2020). A total of 4,139 papers related to rare diseases were identified; with 1,205 papers obtained from Scopus; 2,476 papers from PubMed; and 458 from Web of Science with keyword search "ethics" AND "rare" AND "disease", "ethical" AND "orphan", "ethical" AND "orphan" AND "drug", and "ethical" AND "rare" AND "disease". Finally, XX studies were chosen for further analysis.

The main findings reveal five main ethical issues. The most essential one shows that funding research and development in the field of orphan drugs poses an almost impossibblems are difficult to avoid. Nevertheless, let us be cautiously optimistic. At least, there are people who raise ethical questions about rare diseases and orphan drugs.
Carotid atherosclerosis (CA) is closely related to stroke, and Framingham Risk Score (FRS) has been used for CA risk evaluation. However, FRS could only be used for subjects of up to 74 years old. The present study was to determine if Essen Stroke Risk Score (ESRS) could be used to estimate CA risk in community populations without age limits.

In the present prospective multi-community screening study, we evaluated the prevalence of CA using high-resolution ultrasound in 521 males and 1039 females (35 to 91 years old). Both FRS and ESRS were calculated for the subjects. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the predictive values of FRS and ESRS for CA in these subjects.

Ultrasound data showed that CA was present in 56.2% of the participants (total of 1560). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that ESRS was associated with CA with odds ratio (OR) 1.34 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.12-1.60,
=0.001). Central obesity (OR 1.40, CI 1.07-1.83,
=0.015), female (OR 0.55, CI 0.39-0.77,
<0.001) and age (OR 2.63, CI 2.27-3.06,
<0.001) were also associated with CA. Based on the estimated area under curve (AUC), FRS (AUC 0.775) was better than ESRS (AUC 0.693) (z statistic 6.774,
<0.001) for CA prediction for individuals of ≤74 years old. However, receiver operating characteristic analysis showed ESRS was a good CA predictor for all subjects (AUC of 0.715).

ESRS could be used as an alternative to FRS to predict CA in community population of all age.
ESRS could be used as an alternative to FRS to predict CA in community population of all age.
Due to a limited number of studies with generalizable findings on the relationships between market conditions and RN staffing levels in hospitals, this study examined such relationships employing a longitudinal design with a representative national sample.

We used longitudinal panel datasets from 2006 to 2010, drawn from various datasets including the American Hospital Association Annual Survey Database and the Area Health Resource File. A random-effects linear regression model was used to measure the influence of market conditions on RN staffing levels.

The results of this study showed that market conditions were significantly associated with RN staffing levels in hospitals. First, an increase in per capita income and being located in urban rather than rural areas were associated with a greater number of RNs per 1,000 inpatient days and a higher ratio of RNs to LPNs and nursing aides. In addition, an increase in the number of physician specialists was associated with an increase in the number of RNs pe environmental forces (eg, specialist resources) that influence RN staffing levels in hospitals.
Ethiopia is one of the developing countries striving to achieve universal health coverage using the health extension program (HEP). However, there is limited evidence on the utilization of the urban health extension program (UHEP), particularly in the northwest part of the country. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the level of urban health extension program utilization and its associated factors in Gondar administrative city, northwest Ethiopia.

A community-based cross-sectional study was employed from March 15 to May 30, 2019. A total of 626 systematically selected mothers were interviewed using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. Binary logistic regression analysis was computed. In the final multivariable logistic regression analysis, a
-value of less than 0.05 and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to declare the factors associated with the utilization of urban health extension services.

The utilization level of urban health extension services was found to be 59.
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