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paragallinarum and FAdV infection resulted in more severe clinical signs than that by FAdV infection alone. The concurrent infection caused 50% mortality compared with 40% mortality by FAdV infection alone and zero mortality by A. paragallinarum infection alone. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. paragallinarum coinfection with FAdV. The case implies that concurrent infections with these 2 agents do occur and more attention should be given to the potential of multiple agents during disease diagnosis and treatment.Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) induces host innate immune response on recognition of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Although several studies of avian TLR3 have been reported, none of these studies used a gene knockout (KO) model to directly assess its role in inducing the immune response and effect on other dsRNA receptors. In this study, we determined the coding sequence of quail TLR3, identified isoforms, and generated TLR3 KO quail fibroblast (QT-35) cells using a CRISPR/Cas9 system optimized for avian species. The TLR3-mediated immune response was studied by stimulating the wild-type (WT) and KO QT-35 cells with synthetic dsRNA or polyinosinicpolycytidylic acid [poly(IC)] or infecting the cells with different RNA viruses such as influenza A virus, avian reovirus, and vesicular stomatitis virus. The direct poly(IC) treatment significantly increased IFN-β and IL-8 gene expression along with the cytoplasmic dsRNA receptor, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), in WT cells, whereas no changes in all corresponding genes were observed in KO cells. We further confirmed the antiviral effects of poly(IC)-induced TLR3-mediated immunity by demonstrating significant reduction of virus titer in poly(IC)-treated WT cells, but not in TLR3 KO cells. On virus infection, varying levels of IFN-β, IL-8, TLR3, and MDA5 gene upregulation were observed depending on the viruses. No major differences in gene expression level were observed between WT and TLR3 KO cells, which suggests a relatively minor role of TLR3 in sensing and exerting immune response against the viruses tested in vitro. Our data show that quail TLR3 is an important endosomal dsRNA receptor responsible for regulation of type I interferon and proinflammatory cytokine, and affect the expression of MDA5, another dsRNA receptor, most likely through cytokine-mediated communication.Identifying which diseases represent a priority is crucial to optimize resources for diagnostics, control, and prevention. Here, the impact of 111 poultry pathogens belonging to Viruses (n = 31), Bacteria (n = 33), and Other (n = 47) was assessed using the H-index. The overall mean H-indexes suggested that poultry Viruses have statistically greater impact than Bacteria, which in turn are statistically more relevant than Others. Among the 20 highest H-indexes, 45% were zoonotic, and almost a third was Office International des Epizooties-listed. Avian influenza virus (H-index 127), Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium (H-index 72), and Eimeria spp (H-index 70) ranked the highest in Virus, Bacteria, and Other, respectively. Pathogens that produce overt clinical diseases and economic damage, cause immunosuppression, and/or are zoonotic had the highest H-index scores. The evolution of citations of particular pathogens reflected severe poultry outbreaks and/or zoonotic outbreaks in relatively wide geogersity of publications (Dcos-index). In conclusion, the H-index could be a valid, simple tool to prioritize funding or interest in poultry diseases, especially when used as a preliminary selection approach in combination with other metrics.Attenuation of host IL-10 activity during Eimeria infection may elicit a robust Th1 response to eliminate the parasite from the gut epithelium. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of feeding IL-10 neutralizing antibody delivered via a dried egg product (DEP) on growth performance, immune responsivity, and gut health outcomes during a severe challenge with either Eimeria acervulina (study 1) or Eimeria tenella (study 2) following FDA CVM #217 protocol to test anticoccidial products. A total of 720 male Ross 308 chicks were used in each study, with 15 replicate cages of 12 birds and the following 4 treatments sham-inoculated (uninfected) control diet (UCON), Eimeria-infected control diet (ICON), and Eimeria-infected control diet supplemented with DEP at 2 levels (165 [I-165] or 287 [I-287] U/tonne in study 1 and 143 [I-143] or 287 [I-287] U/tonne in study 2). Individual birds assigned to infected treatment groups received a single oral dose of either 200,000 E. acervulina (study 1) or 80,000 E. tenn with E. acervulina or E. tenella.To study the effects of antibacterial peptides (ABPs) on feeding broilers, this experiment compared the 2 combinations of ABP with antibiotics by separately adding the supplement to the diet of 818 broilers as follows-antibiotics, Pratt and Full-tide, and Pratt and plant essential oil-and then the effect of them on production performance, immune function, antioxidant capacity, serum biochemical indicators, and microorganisms of the experimental flocks was investigated and compared. It was found that the aforementioned indicators among the 2 groups of ABP and the antibiotic group were close to or even better than those of antibiotics, and the combination added with plant essential oils had generally better effects. These results indicated that ABPs could improve economic benefits by promoting growth, preventing disease, and reducing the rate of death. This study deepened the research on the action mechanism of ABPs and not only explored the feasibility of ABPs as a novel feed additive for broilers but also provided experimental data and theoretical basis for the application of ABPs.This report demonstrates that high levels of lameness can be induced by a limited bacterial challenge in drinking water for birds raised on litter flooring, comparable with lameness induced by the gold standard for inducing lameness, growth on suspended wire flooring. The bacterium used in the challenge was cultured from lesions in birds induced for bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) in the wire-flooring model so the epidemiology appears similar. Genipin price The litter-flooring model could better approximate broiler operations. Furthermore, the work demonstrates that 2 commercial probiotics (GalliProTect and GalliProMax) can reduce lameness in the bacterial challenge litter-flooring model. Lameness attributable to BCO is one of the most significant animal welfare issues for broiler production. The wire-flooring and litter-flooring models afford alternatives for understanding the etiology, and epidemiology of BCO, and development of management strategies to reduce lameness. Probiotics afford a promising management strategy.
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