Notes

Serious steatosis and also slight colitis are very important to the earlier incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma.
To investigate the effect of Jiarong Tablets (JRT) on the testicular morphology and function of rats with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH).

LOH models were established in 8 eighteen-month-old male SD rats, treated intragastrically with distilled water (the model control group, n = 4) or JRT at 0.375 g/kg/d, qd (the JRT group, n = 4), and another 5 two-month-old normal male SD rats were also given distilled water by gavage (normal control group), all for 28 days. Then all the rats were weighed and sacrificed for measurement of the serum T level and pathological and electron microscopic examination of the testis tissue.

Compared with the normal controls, the LOH models showed significantly decreased testis coefficient (P < 0.05) and serum T level (［3.40 ± 0.06］ vs ［5.88 ± 0.46］ ng /ml, P < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were observed in the model control and JRT groups in the body weight and testis coefficient (P > 0.05), but the serum T level (［4.50 ± 0.78］ ng/ml) was remarkably decreased in the latter (P < 0.05). In comparison with the model controls, the rats treated with JRT exhibited increases in the sperm count in the seminiferous tubules and the amount of testicular interstitial cells. Electron microscopy revealed a markedly increased number of mitochondria in the JRT-treated animals, with some mitochondrial sheaths and cristae but no obvious mitochondrial edema.

Jiarong Tablets can elevate the serum T level and improve the testicular morphology and ultrastructure of LOH rats.
Jiarong Tablets can elevate the serum T level and improve the testicular morphology and ultrastructure of LOH rats.
To study the mRNA and protein expressions of Dnajb13 and its localization in the testis of the mouse with cryptorchidism and its association with the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells.

The localization of Dnajb13 in the spermatogenic cells of 8-week-old mice was detected by immunohistochemistry. The model of unilateral cryptorchidism was surgically established in the mice and verified by TUNEL, flow cytometry and morphological observation. The apoptosis of the spermatogenic cells was analyzed and the mRNA and protein expressions of Dnajb13 in both cryptorchid and healthy testes were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), Western blot and immunohistochemistry at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 15 days after modeling.

Immunohistochemistry showed that Dnajb13 was localized in the elongated spermatids at steps 9－16 of spermiogenesis in the testis tissue of the healthy mice. TUNEL and flow cytometry manifested that the round spermatids at step 1 and primary spermatocytes in miosis were most senswhich may be associated with the apoptosis of round spermatids at stages Ⅵ－Ⅷ.
Dnajb13 is localized in the spermatids during metamorphosis and in the tails of mature sperm in adult mice, involved in sperm metamorphosis and sperm flagellum formation, and expressed in apoptotic multinucleated giant cells in the cryptorchid testis, which may be associated with the apoptosis of round spermatids at stages Ⅵ－Ⅷ.
To investigate the expression of the kallistatin gene in the corpus cavernosum and search for some new molecular targets for the regulation of penile erectile function and treatment of ED.

Using reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), Western blot and immunofluorescence staining, we detected the expression of kallistatin in the rat corpus cavernosum and compared it with that in the aorta.

The results of RT-qPCR and Western blot revealed both mRNA and protein expressions of kallistatin in the rat corpus cavernosal tissue, with no statistically significant difference from those in the aorta (P > 0.05). Immunofluorescence staining showed that kallistatin was expressed in both endothelial and smooth muscle cells in the corpus cavernosum and localized in the cytoplasm, with no statistically significant difference from its expression in the aorta (P > 0.05) either.

The kallistatin gene is highly expressed in the corpus cavernosum and localized in cavernosal endothelial and smooth muscle cells, suggestive of its involvement in the cellular function of cavernosal endothelial and smooth muscle cells and its participation in the regulation of penile erectile function.
The kallistatin gene is highly expressed in the corpus cavernosum and localized in cavernosal endothelial and smooth muscle cells, suggestive of its involvement in the cellular function of cavernosal endothelial and smooth muscle cells and its participation in the regulation of penile erectile function.The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) broke out in December 2019 and has been rapidly escalating throughout the world. Clinical findings show that the patients with either symptomatic or asymptomatic COVID-19 can be a potential source of infection. Although respiratory droplets and close contact are considered to be the main routes of transmission, there is the possibility of aerosol transmission in a relatively closed environment. The nucleic acid of the novel coronavirus can be detected in nasopharyngeal swabs, sputum and other lower respiratory tract secretions, blood, feces, urine and so on, but whether it exists in the semen has not been confirmed. It is reported that the novel coronavirus may affect the testis that highly expresses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and theoretically the semen is a possible carrier of the virus considering the fact that it is discharged from the same channel as the urine. Andrology laboratorians are exposed to most of the specimens above, including semen, and some open operations in the laboratory increase the risk of aerosol generation. Therefore, corresponding protective procedures are necessitated in andrology laboratories to reduce the risk of infection during the outbreak of COVID-19. selleck Based on the knowledge and experience available as regards the pandemic and the characteristics of the work in the andrology laboratory, we summarize some biosafety points for andrology laboratorians to attend to during the outbreak of COVID-19.
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