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Digital PCR pertaining to correct quantification involving pathoenic agents: Principles, programs, challenges and also prospective buyers.
Erebusssau nom. nov. was originally described by Bussau, (1993) in his PhD thesis "Taxonomische und ökologische Untersuchungen an Nematoden des Peru-Beckens" but the name assigned was already in use, becoming an invalid name. Based on male specimens recovered from the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, we propose a new replacement nomen for the genus and describe a new species, also adding information about juveniles. Erebussau nom. nov. differs from all other Meyliidae genera by its peculiar offset head. Erebussau profundus sp. nov. differs from Erebussau tenebricosus nom. nov., comb. nov. by its larger size, the presence of pre- and post-cloacal supplements and the shape of the spicules. We also describe a new genus of the family Desmoscolecidae, Odetenema gesarae gen. nov., sp. nov. with an updated key to the genera of the subfamily Tricominae. Odetenema gen. nov. differs from the described Desmoscolecidae genera mainly in terms of the cuticle annulation pattern and the unique end ring with two tubular outlets. Erebussau tenebricosus, E. profundus sp. nov. and Odetenema gesarae gen. nov., sp. nov. have so far only been reported from deep-sea areas where polymetallic nodules are present.Upon examination of epipsocid specimens recently collected in natural areas of Colombia, Mexico and Peru, 17 new species of Goja were found. These are here described and illustrated. An updated key for the identification of males of the described species of Goja is presented.Two new species of Macrodactylus Dejean (Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Melolonthinae Macrodactylini) from Mexico and Guatemala are described and illustrated Macrodactylus miguelangeli new species from Mexico and Guatemala, and M. oaxacaensis new species from Mexico. With the descriptions of these two new species, the total number of species of the genus reaches 124. The characteristics of two closely related species are briefly discussed.Species and genera of Bairdiidae can be difficult to discriminate, because of the somewhat limited morphological range of the carapace and limbs and the prevalence of homeomorphy. Attention to the esophageal flapper valve, an uncalcified but relatively well sclerotized structure, may contribute to more reliable identifications. Living species of Neonesidea exhibit sufficient variability in the architecture of this structure to suggest that it may have taxonomic value. Twelve named and three new species are examined to test this premise N. bacata, N. caraionae n. sp., N. decipiens, N. credibilis n. sp., N. forea n. sp., N. edentulata, N. gerda, N. holdeni, N. longisetosa, N. manningi, N. mediterranea, N. omnivaga, N. plumulosa, N. schulzi, N. tenera. The geographic range of N. gerda is extended across the Gulf of Mexico, while the ranges of N. longisetosa and N. dinochelata are restricted. This supplemental information helps to clarify the relationships of several poorly known species from carbonate environments of Bermuda, the Bahamas, Florida, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean.Iran is situated at the junctions of the Palaearctic and Oriental zoogeographical regions, and the Caspian, Baluchi and Irano-Tiranian floral zones, so it has a very diverse scale insect fauna. Scale insects (Hemiptera Coccomorpha) are economically important in forestry, agriculture and horticulture. This taxonomic account of the armoured scales (Diaspididae) of Iran is the first of three works planned to cover all the scale insects in the country. It provides a resource for accurate laboratory identification of all the species known to occur in Iran or that are likely to be found there. Keys to the families of scale insects found in Iran, and to the 49 genera and 144 species of Diaspididae found there, are provided. Detailed line drawings of all the species known to occur in Iran are provided to facilitate identification. These are accompanied by detailed descriptions, distribution data, information on natural enemies, economic importance and host-plants recorded in Iran. The main purpose of the work is to provide agricultural entomologists concerned with pest control and quarantine inspection worldwide with a reliable means of species identification.A complete revision of the genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera Cynipidae Synergini) in the New World (Nearctic and Neotropical regions) is conducted for the first time in order to stabilize its taxonomy. A total of 11 new species are described from Mexico S. ashmeadi Lobato-Vila Pujade-Villar, sp. nov.; S. beutenmulleri Lobato-Vila Pujade-Villar, sp. nov.; S. compressus Lobato-Vila Pujade-Villar, sp. nov.; S. diversicolor Lobato-Vila Pujade-Villar, sp. nov.; S. ebenus Lobato-Vila Pujade-Villar, sp. nov.; S. linnei Lobato-Vila Pujade-Villar, sp. nov.; S. macrackenae Lobato-Vila Pujade-Villar, sp. nov.; S. oaxaquensis Lobato-Vila Pujade-Villar, sp. nov.; S. personatus Lobato-Vila Pujade-Villar, sp. nov.; S. ruficephalus Lobato-Vila Pujade-Villar, sp. nov.; and S. weldi Lobato-Vila Pujade-Villar, sp. nov. Synergus splendidus Fullaway, 1911 is proposed as a syn. nov. of S. dorsalis (Provacher, 1889); S. garryana Gillette, 1893 and S. oneratus coloradensis Gillette, 1896 as syn. nov. Axitinib manufacturer of S. oneratus (Harris, 1841); and S. magnificus Weld, 1957 as a syn. nov. of S. reniformis McCracken Egbert, 1922. Redescriptions and illustrations are provided for poorly characterized species. A key to species and a summary table including all valid Synergus from the New World, their biology and distribution, are given. Distribution, morphology, and trophic associations are discussed and compared between New World and Palaearctic species.Anteholosticha sigmoidea (Foissner, 1982) Berger, 2003 was isolated from a wet soil sample collected on King George Island, Antarctica. Morphological observations and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on the gene sequences of small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) were used to identify the species. Anteholosticha sigmoidea can be divided into two groups group I (three populations described by Foissner 1982) and group II (described by Foissner 1984) based on the morphological differences. Group I differs from group II by the length of the midventral complex (65.1% vs. 52.5% of the cell length), the number of adoral membranelles (25-28 vs. 16-24), and the number of dorsal bristles in kinety 1 (16 bristles vs. nine bristles). Group I differs from the Antarctica population by the absence/presence of the collecting canals of the contractile vacuole and the number of macronuclear nodules (6-12 vs. 13-19). Group II differs from the Antarctica population by the number of macronuclear nodules (five to nine vs. 13-19); the arrangement of cortical granules (forming longitudinal rows vs.
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