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Groundnut seeds (Arachis hypogaea) contain higher concentrations of unsaturated lipids which are prone to oxidation in formulated foods. This study determined the antioxidant activities of water extract powders from two spices (Syzigium aromaticum and Allium sativum) and their ability to preserve the quality of lipids in groundnuts pudding during steam cooking with 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4% of spice extract powders. Total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (FC) contents of extracts from S. aromaticum were 140.23 mg GAE/100g extract and FC of 110.34 mg CAE/g extract compared to values of Allium sativum extracts (54.28 mg GAE/100g extract and 34.80 mg CAE/g extract). The showed DPPH free radical scavenging activities of the extract from S. aromaticum depending on the concentration ranged from 82.15% to 97.66% and this was higher than the activities of A. sativum but comparable to the values of buthylhydroxytoluene used as control. The chemical analysis of oil extracted revealed that the addition of the spice extract powders limited the appearance of oxidation products characterized by a reduction of up to 9-fold of peroxide value, 5-fold for anisidine and 2-fold for thiobarbituric acid reactive species. In many cases, the addition of S. aromaticum spice extract powder to the pudding better prevented lipid oxidation likely because of its superior ability to scavenge peroxyl radicals (ROO., HO., DPPH . ). In a nutshell, the addition S. aromaticum and A. sativum spice extract powders on grilled groundnuts paste for groundnuts pudding preparation in household can help preserve its lipid quality.A comprehensive study was performed to compare flow rate, mean velocity, vertical velocity distribution, and locations where the maximum velocity, d m , occurs on standard Ogee-crested spillways using experimental and numerical models. Five different models were constructed from rigid foam according to the specifications of the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). The velocity of the flow was recorded along the downstream curve of the model for all models with different non-dimensional head ratios H/H d of 0.50, 1.00, and 1.33. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure the flow velocities. Velocity distributions were obtained by analyzing a series of captured images using Matlab codes. A commercially available Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software package, Flow-3D, was used for modelling the experimental model setups. Flow-3D analyzes the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and is widely verified for use in the field of spillway flow analysis. Olitigaltin The maximum difference between numerical and experimental results in mean velocity values that do not exceed 6.2% for all values of head ratios. The interpolated values of recorded maximum velocity by the PIV technique are smaller than those values numerically computed. In the lower d m locations, the percent difference between these regions reaches -8.65%; the upper locations are 2.87%. The vertical location (d m ) drops to the lower location when the upstream head increases, and the distance from the spillway axis decreases linearly.This study investigated predictions of reaction mechanisms and reaction rate law model covering effect of plasma role on the heterogeneous catalytic reaction of triglyceride and methanol to produce biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester - FAME or fatty acid alkyl ester - FAAE) over a continuous flow hybrid catalytic-plasma reactor. This catalytic reaction was carried out in a dielectric-barrier discharge plasma reactor over 5 wt% K2O/CaO-ZnO catalyst under conditions of atmospheric pressure and the reactor temperature of 65 °C. During the hybrid catalytic-plasma reaction system, the voltage, the catalyst diameter, and the Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) were kept constant at 5 kV, 5 mm, and 1.186/min, respectively. It was found that transesterification reaction with the hybrid roles of catalytic and plasma achieved 77.2% biodiesel yield. Kinetic studies of this transesterification reaction over a continuous flow hybrid catalytic-plasma reactor suggested following Eley-Rideal mechanism model, where the methanol adsorbed on the catalyst surface reacted with triglycerides in bulk phase to produce an adsorbed methyl ester and glycerol in bulk phase. The possible reaction rate law model found is -rTG = rME = rs = (0.0078∗(0.0061∗CTG∗CM3-3.0302 × 10-6∗CME3∗CG))/(0.1827∗CM+ 0.0145∗CME+1)3 gmol/gcat.min. This reaction rate law model was useful to design reactor of the hybrid catalytic-plasma chemical reaction system for biodiesel production.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are part of a class of organic compounds resistant to natural degradation. In this way, heterogeneous photocatalysis becomes useful to degrade persistent organic pollutants, however it can be influenced by environmental variables (i.e. organic matter) and experimental factors such as mass of the photocatalyst and irradiation time. The objective of this research was to use a factorial design 2k as a function of the multiple response (MR) to evaluate simultaneously experimental conditions for the photodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated mangrove sediment and its application in oil from Potiguar Basin in Brazil. The sediment samples collected in Belmonte city (Southern Bahia state) were contaminated with 0.25 mg kg-1 of Acenaphthene, Anthracene, Benzo[a]Anthracene, Indene[1,2,3cd]pyrene, Dibenzo[ah]anthracene, Benzo[ghi]pyrene. Factors such as mass of the photocatalyst and irradiation time were evaluated in factorial design 22, with triplicate from the central point, to 1g of the PAH contaminated sediment. After performing the experiments, it was found that the best experimental condition for the degradation of all PAHs indicated by MR was the central point (0.5 g of photocatalyst and 12h of irradiation). For such conditions, the half-life of PAHs varied from 3.51 to 9.37 h and the degradation speed constant between 0.0740 to 0.1973 h-1. The comparison of the optimized methodology between photolysis tests and heterogeneous photocatalysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, which indicated a difference for the reference solution, where heterogeneous photocatalysis was more efficient in the degradation of PAHs. The optimized methodology was apply in samples contaminated with crude oil from Potiguar Basin, no significant difference was observed in the aromatic fraction, using for the Kruskal-Wallis test. Heterogeneous photocatalysis has shown to be a promising remediation technique to remedy aromatic organic compounds in mangrove sediments.
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