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Weight loss surgery and High blood pressure levels.
Background Cigarette smoking is known as a gateway drug for illicit drug use in youth. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of cigarette smoking in the college students in Iran. Methods We searched electronic databases including Scopus, Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science, and national databases such as Magiran, Scientific Information Database, Iranmedex, Medlib, Irandoc, and IranPsych from 1946 to 21st July 2018 without any language restriction using a proper search strategy. We used a random effect model to calculate the pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking in college students in Iran. Chi-square test and I2 index were used to evaluate the heterogeneity between the studies. We used the meta-regression and subgroup analysis to assess the potential source of heterogeneity. Stata software, version 11 (StataCorp, TX) was used for all statistical analysis. Results We included 60 eligible articles in our study. The pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking at least once in the lifetime was 19% (95%CI 17-22). The I2 index indicated considerable between-study heterogeneity (I2 =98%, p less then 0.001). The pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking at least once in the lifetime in males and females was 28% (95% CI 23-34) and 9% (95% CI 6-13), respectively. In multivariable meta-regression, a significant association was shown between the year of study (β=-13.1, p=0.011) and sampling method (β=-12.8 p=0.017) and daily use in the last month. Conclusions Increasing prevalence of smoking among Iranian university students is an important health priority. Increasing preventive and health education programs are recommended.Background Providing coordinated services and forming appropriate cooperation among the members of the health team have a significant impact on other aspects of service provision, including accessibility and continuity of services. Proteases inhibitor Methods In this study information was obtained from a national study titled, "Evaluation of Primary Health Care in Iran", and framework analysis was conducted from the perspective of interprofessional cooperation status using the Amour model based on 5 underlying concepts of sharing, partnership, power, interdependency, and process. This is a mixed-method study of the transformative sequential type. In this study triangulation method was used, and data were collected by the Primary Care Evaluation Tool (PCET), interviewing experts and executive directors, and systematic review of the Primary Health Care (PHC) challenges in Iran. Results The challenges of the PHC system in Iran are analyzed for providing coordinated care in the form of multidisciplinary teamwork based on the Amour model. The corresponding solutions for improving challenges of the concept are also presented. Conclusion Based on the findings of this study the followings are suggested sharing a collective specialized outlook; designing an integrated information system; improving the educational system through providing on-the-need academic education; strengthening the cooperation of community representatives and people's trustees in providing care; developing interdepartmental partnerships with related organizations with collective interests; moderating the workload of human resources; using electronic health records and automated referral of individuals in addition to appropriate training and promoting the culture from the existing philosophy of primary health care; highlighting the role of service providers as members of the care team; eliminating factors causing instability of suppliers, plans, and programs; and stability in the management approach despite changes in senior management.To learn anatomy, medical students need to look at body structures and manipulate anatomical structures. Simulation-based education is a promising opportunity for the upgrade and sharing of knowledge. The purpose of this review is to investigate the evaluation of virtual technologies in teaching anatomy to medical students.
In this review, we searched PubMed, Web of Sciences, Scopus, and Embase for relevant articles in November 2018. Information retrieval was done without time limitation. The search was based on the following keywords virtual reality, medical education, and anatomy.

2483 articles were identified by searching databases. Finally, the fulltext of 12 articles was reviewed. The results of the review showed that virtual technologies had been used to train internal human anatomy, ear anatomy, nose anatomy, temporal bone anatomy, surgical anatomy, neuroanatomy, and cardiac anatomy.

Virtual reality, augmented reality, and games can enhance students' anatomical learning skills and are proper alternatives to traditional methods in case of no access to the cadavers and mannequin.
Virtual reality, augmented reality, and games can enhance students' anatomical learning skills and are proper alternatives to traditional methods in case of no access to the cadavers and mannequin.Background Main health challenge of the 21st century is improving quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of health locus of control (HLC) between health literacy and QoL among Iranian pregnant women. Methods In this cross sectional survey, 400 pregnant women referred to the community health centers of Gonabad, Iran, and completed the demographic, health literacy, QoL, and multidimensional HLC questionnaires during 2015-2016. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were conducted using SPSS 22.0 version and AMOS 24.0 software. Results The findings showed that health literacy has a significant positive effect on the physical (β= 0.54, p less then 0.001) and mental (β= 0.57, p less then 0.001) health. Also, it has a significant positive effect on internal subscale (β= 0.42, p less then 0.001) and a significant negative effect on the chance (β= -0.51, p less then 0.001) and powerful others (β= -0.33, p less then 0.001) subscale of HLC. From HLC subscales, internal HLC had a significant positive effect on physical (β= 0.26, p less then 0.001) and mental (β= 0.12, p= 0.010) health, while the effects of chance and powerful others on QoL dimensions were not significant. The findings indicated that internal HLC is a partial mediator between health literacy and physical dimension of QoL. Conclusion The results indicate that health literacy can be considered as an effective factor in HLC orientations and can improve QoL. This reflects the need for more attention on health literacy and the recognition of the type of HLC beliefs, especially the internal belief in health promotion programs for pregnant women.
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