Notes

Decreased gray issue volume along with elevated white make any difference size within individuals with neovascular age-related macular damage: any voxel-based morphometry study.
We identified and profiled 33 genes responsible for encoding the enzymescontrolling the major catalytic reactions in the terpenoid backbone and in monoterpenoid biosynthesis. Our study identified the candidate genes in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathways, providing useful information for metabolic engineering of P. lactiflora intended for pharmaceutical uses and facilitating the development of strategies to improve marker-assist P. lactiflora in the future. © 2020 Lu et al.Understanding the ecological role of shelters is greatly hampered by the scarcity of long-term laboratory experiments on the trade-off between fitness benefits and costs. This lack probably leads to an underestimation of the negative and/or positive effects on behaviors and growth of marine invertebrates in benthic ecosystems. Although our previous study revealed a significant effect on fitness-related traits of Glyptocidaris crenularis after 31 months, the present study extended it and investigated fitness benefits and/or costs of long-term sheltering on sea urchins to over 7 years. The present long-term study suggests that the previously reported reduction in feeding rate probably resulted from a reduction in reflexive feeding motions (Aristotle's lantern reflex) rather than changes in foraging behavior. Actively seeking sheltering behavior was negatively impacted in individuals with continuous access to shelters. However, covering and righting behaviors did not differ in sheltered sea urchins, indicating that these behaviors are maintained to escape from adverse environments regardless of shelter. Body size of sea urchins in the group with shelters was significantly lower than those without shelters after 7 years. Weights of gonads and gut were not significantly different after 7 years despite previous observations of differences after ~2.5 years. The present study provides valuable information on the trade-off between fitness benefits and costs to sea urchins residing in shelters. However, the present study is only a laboratory investigation for one urchin species (G. crenularis) which does not consider the complexity of natural environments. Field studies should be carried out with G. crenularis and other sea urchin species, before a more universal conclusion can be drawn. © 2020 Chi et al.The grammatical structures scholars use to express their assertions are intended to convey various degrees of certainty or speculation. Prior studies have suggested a variety of categorization systems for scholarly certainty; however, these have not been objectively tested for their validity, particularly with respect to representing the interpretation by the reader, rather than the intention of the author. In this study, we use a series of questionnaires to determine how researchers classify various scholarly assertions, using three distinct certainty classification systems. We find that there are three distinct categories of certainty along a spectrum from high to low. We show that these categories can be detected in an automated manner, using a machine learning model, with a cross-validation accuracy of 89.2% relative to an author-annotated corpus, and 82.2% accuracy against a publicly-annotated corpus. This finding provides an opportunity for contextual metadata related to certainty to be captured as a part of text-mining pipelines, which currently miss these subtle linguistic cues. We provide an exemplar machine-accessible representation-a Nanopublication-where certainty category is embedded as metadata in a formal, ontology-based manner within text-mined scholarly assertions. ©2020 Prieto et al.Organic fertilizer application could have an impact on the nitrogen cycle mediated by microorganisms in arable soils. selleck compound However, the dynamics of soil ammonia oxidizers and denitrifiers in response to compost addition are less understood. In this study, we examined the effect of four compost application rates (0, 11.25, 22.5 and 45 t/ha) on soil ammonia oxidizers and denitrifiers at soybean seedling, flowering and mature stage in a field experiment in Northeast China. As revealed by quantitative PCR, compost addition significantly enhanced the abundance of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) at seedling stage, while the abundance of ammonia oxidizing archaea was unaffected across the growing season. The abundance of genes involved in denitrification (nirS, nirK and nosZ) were generally increased along with compost rate at seedling and flowering stages, but not in mature stage. The non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis revealed that moderate and high level of compost addition consistently induced shift in AOB and nirS containing denitrifers community composition across the growing season. Among AOB lineages, Nitrosospira cluster 3a gradually decreased along with the compost rate across the growing season, while Nitrosomonas exhibited an opposite trend. Network analysis indicated that the complexity of AOB and nirS containing denitrifiers network gradually increased along with the compost rate. Our findings highlighted the positive effect of compost addition on the abundance of ammonia oxidizers and denitrifiers and emphasized that compost addition play crucial roles in shaping their community compositions and co-occurrence networks in black soil of Northeast China. © 2020 Yang et al.Organismal body size is an important biological trait that has broad impacts across scales of biological organization, from cells to ecosystems. Size is also deeply embedded in life history theory, as the size of an individual is one factor that governs the amount of available resources an individual is able to allocate to different structures and systems. A large body of work examining resource allocation across body sizes (allometry) has demonstrated patterns of allocation to different organismal systems and morphologies, and extrapolated rules governing biological structure and organization. However, the full scope of evolutionary and ecological ramifications of these patterns have yet to be realized. Here, we show that density-dependent larval competition in a natural population of insect parasitoids (Drino rhoeo Tachinidae) results in a wide range of body sizes (largest flies are more than six times larger (by mass) than the smallest flies). We describe strong patterns of trade-offs between different body structures linked to dispersal and reproduction that point to life history strategies that differ between both males and females and individuals of different sizes.
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