Notes

Island biogeography.
Influence of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) on the healing of rabbit tibial fractures and the role of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway in fracture healing were explored. Rabbit BMMSCs were isolated and cultured in vitro, and their purity was determined using flow cytometry. Rabbit fracture models were established, and injected with BMMSCs, BMMSCs + TG101348 or TG101348, with those injected with an equal volume of normal saline as control group, and the repair of fracture ends was evaluated via X-ray examination 3 weeks later. The BMMSCs isolated in vitro grew well, and flow cytometry assay results showed that the positive expression rates of cluster of differentiation (CD)90 and CD105 in cells were 99.21 and 99.56%, respectively, with no CD45 expressed. According to the results of CCK-8 assay, TG101348 lowered the proliferation level of BMMSCs, and the wound healing assay revealed that the migration ability of BMMSCs at 24 and 48 h was substantially weaker than that in control group (P less then 0.05). After induction of osteogenic differentiation for 3 weeks, alizarin red staining results manifested that osteogenic induction group had notably more calcium nodules than TG101348 group (P less then 0.05). Compared with those in control group, the protein expression levels of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 were remarkably raised by osteogenic induction (P less then 0.05), but the protein expression levels of JAK2, p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 were considerably decreased by TG101348 (P less then 0.05). It was found through the X-ray examination that the rabbits in control group and those injected with BMMSCs recovered well, and the latter had larger external calluses at fracture ends than the former, while the fracture ends of those injected with TG101348 and BMMSCs + TG101348 were not healed completely. BMMSCs promote healing of rabbit tibial fractures through the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Copyright © Wang et al.The present study investigated the relationship between hyperthyroidism and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy by examining saccade dynamics to identify defects in eye tracking in patients with hyperthyroidism with no pre-existing eye damage and sensitive indicators that discriminated eye tracking ability in hyperthyroidism. A total of 33 outpatients with hyperthyroidism and 26 healthy controls participated in visually guided saccade (VGS) analysis. Patients with hyperthyroidism were divided into groups based on their medication status (medicated vs. unmedicated). Main sequence analysis was performed to identify differences in peak velocity and duration, and a general linear model (GLM) was used to identify differences in latency, peak acceleration and peak deceleration among the groups. The present study compared differences in the Spearman's correlation coefficient of the duration of saccades and the acceleration asymmetric index (RAD) among the groups. Vmax values (Vmax was the asymptotic value of the PV of saccades of large amplitude) were significantly different between the healthy control and unmedicated-hyperthyroidism groups. The results of the GLM-based analysis indicated no significant differences in saccade latency among the three groups. Peak acceleration was significantly different between the healthy control and unmedicated-hyperthyroidism groups (P less then 0.01). Peak deceleration was significantly different between the healthy control, unmedicated- and medicated-hyperthyroidism groups (P less then 0.01). RAD was significantly different between the healthy control and medicated-hyperthyroidism groups (P=0.004). The results of the present study suggested that patients with hyperthyroidism with no pre-existing eye damage exhibited significantly altered saccade dynamics during VGS. Therefore, RAD may be used as an indicator to monitor the level of eye movement coordination. Copyright © Sun et al.Plantamajoside (PMS) has been shown to have anticancer effects and is the main compound of Plantago asiatica. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of PMS on malignant melanoma and its molecular mechanisms. The malignant melanoma cell line A2058 was treated with different concentrations of PMS (0, 20, 80 and 160 µg/ml) for 24, 48 or 72 h, followed by cell viability detection using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The present results suggested that PMS inhibited cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. #link# In addition, flow cytometry was used to analyze cell apoptosis, and Transwell assays were used to investigate cell migration and invasion. The present results suggested that PMS induced A2058 cell apoptosis, and inhibited cell invasion and migration in a dose-dependent manner. In order to study the molecular mechanism by which PMS inhibited malignant melanoma growth and metastasis, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to determine the expression levels of apoptotic-related genes and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway-related proteins. The present results indicated that PMS inhibited the protein and mRNA expression of Bcl-2, and promoted the expression of Bax and caspase-3 in a dose-dependent manner. The protein expression level of phosphorylated-AKT was dose-dependently reduced by PMS treatment. Collectively, the present results suggested that PMS inhibited the invasion, migration and viability of malignant melanoma cells. In addition, PMS induced apoptosis by regulating the expression levels of apoptotic-related genes and the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thereby exerting anti-malignant melanoma effects. Copyright © Wang et al.The expression and influence mechanism of CTGF and HO-1 in rats with diabetic retinopathy (DR) was investigated. One hundred and thirty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were selected and randomly divided into the control group and DR group, with 65 rats in each group. DR was caused by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin in rats in the DR group. There were LY-3475070 solubility dmso and 10 failed in the modelling. The successful models were sacrificed at the 2nd, 4th and 6th month, respectively. RT-qPCR technology was used for detection of the expression of CTGF and HO-1 in rat retina in each group, H&E staining for observation of the gradation structure in rat retina and TUNEL method for detection of apoptosis of retinal cells. In the DR group, the retina layers were disordered and a few blood vessels dilated at the 2nd month. In the DR group, the inner membrane of the retina swelled, and the ganglion cells were irregularly arranged at the 4th month. In the DR group, dilatation of the blood vessels was more obvious, the inner membrane edema was more severe, and the arrangement was more irregular at the 6th month.
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