Notes

Microbiota metabolite butyrate constrains neutrophil functions and also ameliorates mucosal inflammation throughout inflamation related intestinal ailment.
Button battery ingestions have emerged as an increasing medical issue in recent years, especially for children. The frequent use of these energy sources in small appliances and toys is responsible for their ubiquitous occurrence in households. In addition to other possible foreign bodies, button batteries are particularly dangerous as they can cause severe complications in the aerodigestive tract.

The study aimed for a detailed analysis of specific radiographic identifiers of button batteries and similarly configured potential esophageal foreign bodies in high-resolution X-ray scans.

A selection of potentially hazardous button batteries - in cases of ingestion (CR2032) or aspiration (LR44, LR1130) - was made. Other clinically relevant radio-opaque objects of similar size and shape have been selected accordingly. High-resolution X-ray scans (33.3 lp/mm) were made using an in vitro model in porcine esophageal preparations. A systematic, comparative analysis was carried out with the digital radiographic ime algorithms and help reduce medical complications in cases of foreign body ingestions.
The study results reveal that specific features of potential esophageal foreign bodies can be identified by improved radiographic resolution, contrast, and dynamics. see more Thus, the diagnostic reliability in distinguishing 'high-risk foreign bodies' from less dangerous ones could be increased. In the future, button batteries could be detected more reliably with intelligent digital image analysis and enhanced radiographic technology. This may further support clinical triage algorithms and help reduce medical complications in cases of foreign body ingestions.
Despite being the second most common salivary disease in childhood, the aetiology and appropriate management of juvenile recurrent parotitis (JRP) remains uncertain. Consequently patients may be misdiagnosed, or even undergo indeterminate or potentially invasive procedures without benefit. This article reviews the current understanding of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of JRP, and to appraise the management options available.

Medline and Google Scholar databases were searched and peer reviewed journal articles assessed. The epidemiology of JRP remains uncertain, and the clinical presentation of JRP can vary widely in frequency and severity. Diagnosis is still largely based on clinical signs and symptoms including parotid swelling, pain and fever. Investigation typically focuses on the exclusion of other diseases and immunodeficiencies, however there are noted typical radiological findings on both ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. The ideal management of this condition still remains unclear, however symptoms typically resolve by puberty. Treatment focuses on minimally invasive procedures such as sialography and sialendoscopy to reduce the frequency and severity of acute episodes.

Acute episodes of JRP can occur up to 30 times per year and have a significant impact on the quality of life of an affected child. Consequently a management algorithm is proposed based on the exclusion of other pathology. There is increasing evidence for non-ablative, minimally invasive approaches such as sialography and sialendoscopy to reduce the impact of this disease.
Acute episodes of JRP can occur up to 30 times per year and have a significant impact on the quality of life of an affected child. Consequently a management algorithm is proposed based on the exclusion of other pathology. There is increasing evidence for non-ablative, minimally invasive approaches such as sialography and sialendoscopy to reduce the impact of this disease.
To review the contributions of Australian and New Zealand research on adenotonsillectomy for the treatment of symptoms of obstructed breathing during sleep (sleep disordered breathing, SDB) in children.

A search of the scientific literature was conducted using the MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed and Scopus databases in August 2020. The following search string was used (tonsillectomy OR adenoidectomy OR adenotonsillectomy) AND (paediatric OR child) AND (Australia OR New Zealand). A focused internet search was additionally conducted on Google to identify grey literature.

Researchers from Australia and New Zealand have made important contributions to the understanding and improvement of adenotonsillectomy (AT), including its epidemiology, cost, surgical techniques and peri-operative safety. Rates of AT have fluctuated over the years, becoming the most common paediatric surgery today, with SDB becoming the most common indication. Research in Australia and New Zealand has also focussed on the impact of AT on quality of life, and behaviour, neurocognition and cardiovascular sequelae.

Australian and New Zealand researchers have played a significant role in understanding the epidemiology and improving the safety of AT. There are promising directions in research still to come, including better understanding of the reasons for geographical variation in surgery rates, developing more efficient pre-operative risk assessment tools and alternative treatment options for mild OSA.
Australian and New Zealand researchers have played a significant role in understanding the epidemiology and improving the safety of AT. There are promising directions in research still to come, including better understanding of the reasons for geographical variation in surgery rates, developing more efficient pre-operative risk assessment tools and alternative treatment options for mild OSA.Structural diversity of biologically active compounds identified in plants after many years of storage is rarely reported in literature. Herein, we studied chemical profile and biological activities of Phlomis fruticosa L. after plant material storage for 20 years. Chemical analyzes were performed by UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap/MS, and revealed presence of 44 compounds including 13 phenolic acids, 9 phenylethanoids, 20 flavonoids and 2 phenolic related compounds (a phenolic acid derivative and an aliphatic alcohol). The extract showed antimicrobial activity, being the most potent against Aspergillus fumigatus with minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.31 mg/mL. Also, the extract was able to inhibit biofilm formed by Candida species and to inhibit biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus. Obtained results revealed that the extract has potential to interfere with the cell membrane permeability of Candida albicans and to suppress production of virulence factor staphyloxanthin in S. aureus. Furthermore, the extract inhibited the activity of α-amylase which is one of the therapeutic targets for diabetes type II.
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