Notes

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-Menotaxis refers to an animal maintaining a constant angle to a stimulus. The Silkworm moth, for instance, flies at an angle perpendicular to the direction of the wind in order to pick up a scent trail. Once the moth detects the trail, it turns upwind to find the chemical gradient of the trail. Another type of menotaxis is sun compass orientation. Many animals use the position of the sun to orient themselves. These animals can compensate for the sun moving across the sky over the course of the day. Honeybees for instance, imprint on the arc of the sun. They can utilize polarized light, and so they can locate the position of the sun even on an overcast day.
-Tropotaxis refers to taking signal samples simultaneously from paired receptors. From , we can see tropotaxis literally means "turned movement." Animals taking samples from paired receptors often zigzag about the trail. An experiment by Martin and Lindauer revealed that crossing the antennae in honeybees results in the bees traveling in the opposite direction from where the trail would lead them.
-Magnetotaxis is orientation in response to magnetic cues. Wide varieties of animals use magnetic cues to navigate. Aquaspirillum bacteria burrow in the mud, and use the magnetic field of the earth to determine position. In the Northern Hemisphere, they direct themselves to the northern magnetic pole, which is actually the geographical South Pole, and so burrow down into the mud. In the Southern Hemisphere, they orient towards the geographical North Pole, which is a magnetic south pole.
-Telotaxis, or goal-directed movement, describes the motion of visual predators who can see a distant visual signal and move to attack.
Klinotaxis refers to movement through a gradient while taking successive samples of the environment.
-Mnemotaxis, literally "memory movement", describes navigation through the use of landmarks. Many birds navigate using landmarks, as do salmon. Humans also use mnemotaxis when navigating through the use of street signs and familiar buildings.