Notes

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Ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation caused skin keratinocytes to accumulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to the skin injury. Thymoquinone (TQ) was identified as the prominent bioactive ingredient in Nigella sativa seeds which was applied in therapying various human diseases. This study aimed to illustrate the role and mechanism of TQ in UVA-induced skin injury. We pre-treated HaCaT cells with TQ and irradiated them by UVA. MTT and Elisa assays were used to evaluate cell viability and apoptosis, as well as cytokine levels. To detect the related parameters of oxidative stress and mitochondrial function, colorimetry, spectrophotometry, bioluminescence, and dual-luciferase reporter methods were used. RT-qPCR and western blotting were performed for expressions of related mRNAs and proteins. TQ significantly improved the UVA-induced cytotoxicity on HaCaT cells. MAO inhibitor TQ treatment alleviated the oxidative stress and inflammation in UVA-irradiated keratinocytes. Besides, UVA irradiation promoted mitochondrial dysregulation in HaCaT cells leading to cell apoptosis, which could be reversed by TQ treatment. More importantly, NrF2/ARE pathway was activated in TQ-treated cells, while COX-2 was depressed, and inhibiting the pathway or activating COX-2 blocked the therapeutic effect of TQ on UVA-induced skin cell injury. Our study suggested that TQ treatment attenuated the UVA-induced oxidative and inflammatory responses, as well as mitochondrial apoptosis in keratinocytes by COX-2 inhibition via activating NrF2/ARE pathway. This might be a novel sight for preventing the solar radiation damage to the skin.
Although the incidence and pattern of injuries in youth handball have widely been investigated, it is unclear whether the characteristics of injuries differ on the basis of player position. This study aimed at revealing the player position-based injury profile in Japanese youth handball players.

Cross-sectional.

Injury questionnaire.

Overall, 2377 participants who played in the 2018 and 2019 Japanese National High School Handball Championships were included.

Prevalence, body region, type, severity, and mechanism of injuries were collected through a questionnaire.

The overall prevalence of injury within the previous year was 46.7%, and the proportion of back players (52.8%) who sustained at least one injury was higher than that of players in other positions (p<0.001). Differences in player positions were found among overuse injuries by body region, with a higher proportion of the lower leg and knee in wings and backs, respectively (p=0.047). Among traumatic injuries, a higher proportion of ligamentous rupture in backs and fracture in lines were seen (p=0.011).

There were significant differences in the prevalence and patterns of injuries between player positions. Therefore, injury prevention programmes should consider the characteristics of player positions.
There were significant differences in the prevalence and patterns of injuries between player positions. Therefore, injury prevention programmes should consider the characteristics of player positions.
To investigate the test-retest reliability and validity of the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic shoulder and elbow score (KJOC) in elite Canoe Slalom athletes and determine its ability to predict future shoulder pain.

Observational study with embedded test-retest reliability study.

British Canoe Slalom National Training Centre.

Nineteen athletes from the British Canoe Slalom team for the 2019 season.

The KJOC was completed at the start of winter training and start of the 2019 competitive season. Current, historical (6-months pre-questionnaire) and prospective (4-months post-questionnaire) shoulder injuries were recorded.

Test-retest reliability was found to be excellent (ICC
=0.97), with a minimal detectable change (MDC
) of 6.7. Compared to uninjured athletes, currently injured and historically injured athletes scored significantly lower (p=0.002 and p=0.011, respectively), with the difference between means>MDC
. A cut-off of 88 was found to be predictive of shoulder pain (AUC 0.779; sensitivity 0.60; specificity 0.95; positive likelihood ratio 11.4).

The KJOC demonstrated excellent reliability and can distinguish between athletes with and without current or historical shoulder pain. A KJOC score of <88 was associated with increased risk of shoulder pain. The KJOC should be completed as part of a risk profile for shoulder pain.
The KJOC demonstrated excellent reliability and can distinguish between athletes with and without current or historical shoulder pain. A KJOC score of less then 88 was associated with increased risk of shoulder pain. The KJOC should be completed as part of a risk profile for shoulder pain.
The accuracy of pedicle screws placement has been the subject of many studies and varied rates of screw malposition have been reported. This study evaluates the placement of pedicle screw inserted percutaneously, guided by intraoperative 2D fluoroscopy, in minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF).

Retrospective study of patients who underwent MIS-TLIF from 2007 to 2016 in a single center, for degenerative pathology. All patients had a follow-up lumbar CT scan one year after surgery to evaluate pedicle violation, location and degree. Gertzbein classification was used for description of the degree of violation.

This study included 241 patients, with a mean age of 57 years (SD 11.69). A total of 1045 screws were evaluated. Most patients were fused at L4-L5 or L5-S1 levels. The total rate of pedicle walls' violation was 13.97%, however only 4.31% of the screws presented violations exceeding 2mm. Only 5 patients were reoperated because of complaints related to screw malposition (0.48% of all screws). There was a trend for an increased rate of pedicle violation for upper lumbar pedicles (p<0.001). For S1 screws, violations were more common on left pedicle screws (17.89% vs 7.53%, p=0.03), with an Odds Ratio of 2.68 (95% CI 1.07-6.80).

Percutaneous pedicle screw insertion guided by intraoperative 2 D fluoroscopy in MIS-TLIF is safe and most of pedicle violations seem to be minor and without clinical consequences. In S1 screws, the surgeon's side was more prone to violation.
Percutaneous pedicle screw insertion guided by intraoperative 2 D fluoroscopy in MIS-TLIF is safe and most of pedicle violations seem to be minor and without clinical consequences. In S1 screws, the surgeon's side was more prone to violation.
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