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gnitude of the differences depends on treatment deferability, patient sociodemographic subgroups, and facility characteristics.Importance The number of children with prenatal opioid exposure to medication for addiction treatment (MAT) with methadone and buprenorphine for maternal opioid use disorder is increasing, but the associations of this exposure with cognitive outcomes are not well understood. Objective To examine the strength and consistency of findings in the medical literature regarding the association of prenatal exposure to MAT with early childhood cognitive development, particularly when accounting for variables outside MAT exposure. Data Sources A search strategy obtained publications from PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Embase from January 1972 to June 2019. Reference lists from identified articles were searched. Study Selection Inclusion criteria were cohort studies, studies including children aged 1 to 60 months with at least 2 months of prenatal MAT exposure, studies using standardized direct-observation testing scales, and studies reporting means and SDs. Case reports, case series, historical controls,57; 95% CI, -0.93 to -0.21; I2 = 81%). Multiple subanalyses on demographic characteristics (ie, maternal education, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, prenatal tobacco exposure, infant sex) were conducted. In the subanalysis of studies with comparable prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke, the association of MAT exposure with cognitive scores was no longer statistically significant and became homogeneous (standardized mean difference, -0.11; 95% CI, -0.42 to 0.20; I2 = 0%). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, predefined subanalyses demonstrated how poor recruitment, particularly imbalances in maternal tobacco use, could contribute to a negative overall association of cognitive development test scores with prenatal MAT exposure. Promoting tobacco cessation for pregnant women with opioid use disorder should be prioritized in this high-risk population.Importance Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a motor impairment that significantly interferes with activities of daily living. Little is known about the cause of DCD and how it develops, making it difficult to understand why children with DCD struggle in learning motor skills and to determine the best intervention to optimize function. Objective To characterize white matter differences using diffusion tensor imaging in children with and without DCD. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study collected diffusion tensor imaging data at BC Children's Hospital Research Institute in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, from September 2014 to January 2017. Using a sample of convenience, children with DCD and children without DCD aged 8 to 12 years underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Data analysis was conducted from January 2017 to January 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome measures were diffusion parameters, including fractional anisotropy and mean, axial, and radial di cerebellar pathways (eg, superior cerebellar peduncle, fractional anisotropy mean [SD], 0.49 [0.05] vs 0.46 [0.03]; P = .03; axial diffusivity mean [SD], 0.14 [0.66] vs 0.14 [0.63]; P = .009). There were no significant differences in mean diffusivity and radial diffusivity between children with and without DCD. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that children with DCD show significant brain differences in motor and sensorimotor white matter pathways compared with children without DCD. The pattern of diffusion parameters in children with DCD suggests that axonal development may be disrupted in this neurodevelopmental disorder.Importance Time-trend studies of overweight and obesity in childhood by sociodemographic factors are important for prioritizing public health initiatives. However, little is known about these trends in Spain, where high levels of obesity are found and where important demographic changes have occurred during the last 2 decades. Objective To examine how time trends in the prevalence and incidence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents differ by age, sex, socioeconomic status, urban/rural residence, and nationality. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study included 1.1 million children and adolescents (aged 2-17 years) with at least 1 measure of height and weight in Catalonia, Spain, from 2006 to 2016. Electronic health records were accessed from the Information System for Research in Primary Care. Data analysis was conducted from January to December 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Prevalence and incidence rates and trends of overweight/obesity and obesity (overweight/obesity defineg, boys aged 6-11 years with Asian nationality compared with Spanish nationality, 2006 prevalence rate, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.60-1.01]; 2016 prevalence rate, 1.27 [95% CI, 1.15-1.39]). Incidence rates decreased among younger groups (eg, ≤7 years incidence rate ratio for January 1, 2006, to June 30, 2011, vs July 1, 2011, to December 31, 2016 0.94; 95% CI, 0.91-0.98) but remained stable in older groups. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, the overall prevalence and incidence rates of childhood overweight/obesity and obesity slightly decreased during the last decade. However, increased deprivation disparities in childhood obesity were found, given that the prevalence increased among children living in deprived areas and with non-Spanish nationalities.Future climate scenarios for the boreal zone project increasing temperatures and precipitation, as well as extreme weather events such as heavy rain during the growing season. This can result in more frequent short-term waterlogging (WL) leading to unfavorable conditions for tree roots. In addition, it is decisive whether short-term WL periods during the growing season occur continuously or periodically. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail [email protected] host a large share of the global arthropod diversity. Several methodologies have been described to sample arthropods from trees, ranging from active sampling techniques (e.g., visual searching, beating, or shaking the branches) to passive sampling devices. The majority of these collection techniques are destructive, and do not specifically target the tree trunk arthropod fauna. Tebipenem Pivoxil purchase Here, we describe an alternative sampling method called trunk refugia (TR). TR are cylindrical shelters made of corrugated cardboard that can be secured to trees using string, and can remain exposed for varying time periods. These refugia are inexpensive, easy to use, and suitable to monitor a diverse array of insects and arachnids. Moreover, TR are nonlethal sampling tools, and allow collecting live individuals for behavioral studies or for rearing. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America.
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