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lease email [email protected] Increased IFNα is important in the pathogenesis of SLE. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are considered the main producer of IFNα upon Toll-like receptor pathway activation. However, which cells produce IFNα following stimulation with cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of IFN genes (STING) in SLE remains unknown. We investigated the IFNα producing capacity of myeloid cells under cGAS-STING pathway stimulation. METHODS IFNα levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from SLE patients and healthy controls stimulated with 2'3'c-GAMP, a stimulator of cGAS-STING, were measured by intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry. STING expression and its co-localization with TBK1 were examined by flow cytometry or confocal microscopy. The effects of in vitro exposure to IFNα on IFNα production and STING expression, and in vitro rapamycin treatment on IFNα production and STING, pTBK1 and IRF3 expression were examined. RESULTS IFNα was produced by monocytes, conventional dendritic cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells upon cGAS-STING pathway activation. The frequency of IFNα-producing monocytes positively correlated with SLE disease activity. STING expression and its co-localization with TBK1 were increased in lupus monocytes. Prior exposure to IFNα enhanced the IFNα-producing capacity of monocytes. Inhibition of the mechanistic target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway suppressed IFNα production from monocytes and downregulated enhanced STING expression and its downstream molecules. CONCLUSION Enhanced IFNα from lupus monocytes induced by augmented STING pathway activation is associated with SLE pathogenesis. Suppression of the mTOR pathway downregulated the enhanced STING expression and the subsequent IFNα production by monocytes. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Rheumatology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email [email protected] studies have shown that men and women have different genetic architectures across many traits. However, except waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist circumference (WC), it remains unknown whether the genetic effects of a certain trait are weaker or stronger on men/women. With ~ 18 000 Taiwan Biobank subjects, we comprehensively investigate sexual heterogeneity in autosomal genetic effects, for traits regarding cardiovascular health, diabetes, kidney, liver, anthropometric profiles, blood, etc. 'Gene-by-sex interactions' (G $times$ S) were detected in 18 out of 26 traits, each with an interaction p-value ($P_INT$) less than $0.05!left/ !104right.=0.00048$, where 104 is the number of tests conducted in this study. The most significant evidence of G $times$ S was found in WHR ($P_INT$ = 3.2 $times10^-55$) and WC ($P_INT$ = 2.3$times10^-41$). Autophinib As a novel G$times$S investigation for other traits, we here find that the autosomal genetic effects are weaker on women than on men, for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), uric acid, and diabetes-related traits such as fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin. For LDL-C and uric acid, the evidence of G$times$S is especially notable in subjects aged less than 50 years, where estrogen can play a role in attenuating the autosomal genetic effects of these two traits. Men and women have systematically distinct environmental contexts caused by hormonal milieu and their specific society roles, which may trigger diverse gene expressions despite the same DNA materials. As many environmental exposures are difficult to collect and quantify, sex can serve as a good surrogate for these factors. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email [email protected]'s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by protein inclusions mostly composed of aggregated forms of α-synuclein (α-Syn) and by the progressive degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mDANs), resulting in motor symptoms. While other brain regions also undergo pathologic changes in PD, the relevance of α-Syn aggregation for the preferential loss of mDANs in PD pathology is not completely understood yet. To elucidate the mechanisms of the brain region-specific neuronal vulnerability in PD, we modelled human PD using human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from familial PD cases with a duplication (Dupl) of the α-Syn gene (SNCA) locus. Human iPSCs from PD Dupl patients and a control individual were differentiated into mDANs and cortical projection neurons (CPNs). SNCA dosage increase did not influence differentiation efficiency of mDANs and CPNs. However, elevated α-Syn pathology, as revealed by enhanced α-Syn insolubility and phosphorylation, was determined in PD-derived mDANs compared to PD CPNs. PD-derived mDANs exhibited higher levels of reactive oxygen species and protein nitration levels compared to CPNs, which might underlie elevated α-Syn pathology observed in mDANs. Finally, increased neuronal death was observed in PD-derived mDANs compared to PD CPNs and to control mDANs and CPNs. Our results reveal, for the first time, a higher α-Syn pathology, oxidative stress level, and neuronal death rate in human PD mDANs compared to PD CPNs from the same patient. The finding implies the contribution of pathogenic α-Syn, probably induced by oxidative stress, to selective vulnerability of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in human PD. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email [email protected] is an actin-binding protein that is predominantly expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles and belongs to the AC group of proteins which includes cofilin-1 and destrin. In humans, cofilin-2 (CFL2) mutations have been associated with congenital myopathies that include nemaline and myofibrillar myopathy. To understand the pathogenicity of the human CFL2 mutation, p.A35T, that first linked cofilin-2 with the human disease, we created a knock-in mouse model. The Cfl2A35T/A35T (KI) mouse were indistinguishable from their wild-type littermates at birth, but they rapidly worsened and died by postnatal day 9. The phenotypic, histopathologic and molecular findings mimicked the constitutive Cfl2-knockout (KO) mice described previously, including sarcomeric disruption and actin accumulations in skeletal muscles and negligible amounts of cofilin-2 protein. In addition, KI mice demonstrated a marked reduction in Cfl2 mRNA levels in various tissues including skeletal muscles. Further investigation revealed evidence of alternative splicing with the presence of two alternate transcripts of smaller size.
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