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Graphene-based THz absorber: adjustability through numerous entrance biasing.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked, lethal muscle degenerative disease caused by loss of dystrophin protein. DMD has no cure and few treatment options. Preclinical efforts to identify potential DMD therapeutics have been hampered by lack of a small animal model that recapitulates key features of the human disease. While the dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse on the C57BL/10 genetic background (B10.mdx) is mildly affected, a more severe muscle disease is observed when the mdx mutation is crossed onto the DBA/2J genetic background (D2.mdx). In this study, the functional and histological progression of the D2.mdx skeletal muscle pathology was evaluated to determine the distinguishing features of disease. Data herein details the muscular weakness and wasting exhibited by D2.mdx skeletal muscle, as well as severe histopathological features, which include the rapid progression of fibrosis and calcifications in the diaphragm and progressive fibrosis accumulation in limb muscles. Furthermore, a timeline of D2.mdx progression is provided that details distinct stages of disease progression. These data support the D2.mdx as a superior small animal model for DMD, as compared to the B10.mdx model. The insights provided in this report should facilitate the design of preclinical evaluations for potential DMD therapeutics.Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with a high rate of comorbidity, including osteoporosis and peptic ulcers. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a group of acid-suppressing drugs commonly used for treating peptic ulcers. However, observational studies have reported an association between PPI therapy and osteoporotic fractures. This study investigated the association between PPI use and hip fracture (HFx) among patients with T2DM. We conducted this population-based propensity-matched retrospective cohort study using the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. Patients newly diagnosed with T2DM between 2000 and 2008 were identified. After excluding those who previously used PPIs or suffered HFx, 398,885 patients were recruited (44,341 PPI users; 354,544 non-users). HFx risk data from 2000 to 2013 were collected to calculate the cumulative rate of HFx in these two groups. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the effects of PPI dose. After propensity score matching of 14, 44,431 and 177,364 patients were assigned to the PPI user and non-user groups, respectively. click here PPI user group showed an increased risk of HFx with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.41 (95% CI 1.29-1.54) without dose-response relationship. Thus, there is an increased risk of HFx in patients with T2DM receiving long-term PPI treatment.Galectins are a family of glycan-binding molecules with a characteristic affinity for ß-D-glycosides that mediate a variety of important cellular functions, including immune and inflammatory responses. Galectin-11 (LGALS-11) has been recently identified as a mediator induced specifically in animals against gastrointestinal nematodes and can interfere with parasite growth and development. Here, we report that at least two natural genetic variants of LGALS-11 exist in sheep, and demonstrate fundamental differences in anti-parasitic activity, correlated with their ability to dimerise. This study improves our understanding of the role of galectins in the host immune and inflammatory responses against parasitic nematodes and provides a basis for genetic studies toward selective breeding of animals for resistance to parasites.The study aimed to evaluate the total content and bioavailable forms of Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni and enzymatic activity (nitro reductase and peroxidases) in the mineral levels of surface soils within the zone of influence of various tree species. The conducted variance analysis confirmed the significant impact of the studied tree habitats on the total content and bioavailable forms of metals and on enzymatic activity. The total content of analysed metals were low and in no case exceeded the possible concentrations. The high bioavailability (AF %) values calculated for habitats of different species compositions (of 53.78% for Zn, 76.82% for Cu, 60.81% for Pb and 44.72% for Ni) may pose a risk of accumulation of these metals in plants. A significant correlation was found between nitrate reduction activity and Pb content (r = 0.510) and Cu (r = 0.678). Principal component analysis allowed two principal components to be distinguished (PC1 and PC2) that accounted for 60.95% of the total change in variance.Practical and ethical constraints limit our ability to experimentally test socioecological theory in wild primates. We took an alternate approach to model this, allowing groups of humans to interact in a virtual world in which they had to find food and interact with both ingroup and outgroup avatars to earn rewards. We altered ratios and distributions of high- and low-value foods to test the hypothesis that hominoids vary with regards to social cohesion and intergroup tolerance due to their feeding ecology. We found larger nesting clusters and decreased attacks on outgroup competitors in the Bonobo condition versus the Chimpanzee condition, suggesting a significant effect of feeding competition alone on social structure. We also demonstrate that virtual worlds are a robust mechanism for testing hypotheses that are impossible to study in the wild.The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a complementary infodemic, whereby various outlets and digital media portals shared false information and unsourced recommendations on health. In addition, journals and authors published a mass of academic articles at a speed that suggests a non-existent or a non-rigorous peer review process. Such lapses can promote false information and adoption of health policies based on misleading data. Reliable information is vital for designing and implementing preventive measures and promoting health awareness in the fight against COVID-19. In the age of social media, information travels wide and fast, emphasizing a need for accurate data to be corroborated swiftly and for preventing misleading information from wide dissemination. Here, we discuss the implications of the COVID-19 infodemic and explore practical ways to leverage health communication strategies to overcome it. We propose the "Infodemic Response Checklist" as a comprehensive tool to overcome the challenges posed by the current and any future infodemics.
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