Notes

Docosahexaenoic acidity normalizes QT interval in prolonged QT kind Only two transgenic rabbit designs in the genotype-specific style.
Most participants reported having the highest level of confidence for activities related to gathering patient medication histories during TOC (46.1%), and similarly, this category of activity showed the highest population of participants who indicated a positive level of readiness (41.3%).

Applicable training and experiences with TOC increase the likelihood of greater confidence and readiness for student pharmacists to provide TOC at their future practice sites. These results provide a framework for additional quantitative research in TOC engagement among student pharmacists.
Applicable training and experiences with TOC increase the likelihood of greater confidence and readiness for student pharmacists to provide TOC at their future practice sites. These results provide a framework for additional quantitative research in TOC engagement among student pharmacists.
Limited literature exists regarding current practices in teaching and assessment of drug utilization review (DUR) skills in pharmacy schools. This manuscript aimed to (1) examine how assessment is conducted for DUR activities using survey results and (2) summarize the assessment strategies of DUR activities via analysis of tools in colleges of pharmacy.

A survey was administered to members of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Laboratory Instructors Special Interest Group via Qualtrics. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate survey results and the assessment tools (i.e. rubrics/checklists) collected were analyzed qualitatively to determine common content areas.

Out of the 113 institutions emailed, 48 (42.5%) responses were complete and represented individual colleges. Thirty-four of those 48 both implemented and assessed DUR activities. Fourteen institutions (41%) utilized one DUR assessment tool throughout the entire curriculum. The majority (62%) used the assessment tool in the first professional year, with a paper tool being the most frequently utilized (74%). "Identification of drug-related problems" (97%) and "determination of the pharmacist's action" (85%) were listed as important components of the assessment tool. Faculty noted that the assessment tool was easy to use (55%) and adequately assessed students' knowledge/skills (55%). A validated assessment tool (85%) and inclusion of technology (50%) would improve delivery of student feedback.

Wide variability existed in how schools incorporated and assessed DUR activities. Developing a standardized method of teaching and assessing DUR is important to adequately prepare the next generation of pharmacists.
Wide variability existed in how schools incorporated and assessed DUR activities. Developing a standardized method of teaching and assessing DUR is important to adequately prepare the next generation of pharmacists.
In addition to advising about diets, nutritional deficiencies, and supplements, pharmacists should be confident discussing medicine-related issues that may arise from people adopting veganism, including checking about animal-derived pharmaceutical product excipients, formulation processes, and determining whether vegan-friendly alternatives exist. Thus, this study aimed to investigate pharmacy students' knowledge and views about veganism.

Given veganism's increasing popularity and relevance to pharmacy practice, students enrolled in their last year of the undergraduate master of pharmacy degree program at Queen's University Belfast participated in this voluntary study. The questionnaire was given out at an obligatory workshop (only non-identifiable data were requested). Students were scored on veganism knowledge (22 true/false statements) with other analysis about views being largely descriptive in nature.

Ninety-two out of 101 (91.1%) completed the questionnaire. Only one reporting being vegan. Mean knowledge score (possible range of 0-22) was 16.59 (±2.43). Only 37% (34/92) reported feeling confident discussing veganism with patients or other healthcare professionals and 40.2% (37/92) deemed they could establish whether a medical product is vegan-friendly. A minority (4.3%) considered they had received adequate training on veganism. A greater proportion of males than females considered that vegans are too forceful with their beliefs (74.2% vs. 51.7%).

This study presents the first description of pharmacy students' knowledge and opinions on veganism (from a single institution only). The reported gap in educational provision and lack of confidence needs to be investigated and addressed to enhance patient-centered care.
This study presents the first description of pharmacy students' knowledge and opinions on veganism (from a single institution only). The reported gap in educational provision and lack of confidence needs to be investigated and addressed to enhance patient-centered care.
Digital badging may address the need to document skills developed in the co-curriculum. This study examined students' perceptions of the value, motivating factors, and challenges for participating in digital badging.

An online survey was emailed to first, second, and third year pharmacy students at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. Year in school, pharmacy grade point average, organizational membership, and level of organization leadership was obtained. The survey used a five-point Likert rating and consisted of nine perceived values categorized as value for recognition, motivation for participation, and learning; eleven motivating factors including intrinsic and extrinsic; and seven challenges for pursuing a digital badge. Overall likelihood to pursue a digital badge, motivating factors to pursue a digital badge, and top potential badge options were also queried. Appropriate statistical tests were performed to determine associations with variables and likelihood to pursue a digital badge.

A total of 116 usable responses were received (48.9% response rate). A majority indicated that digital badges had perceived value for all three categories queried. find more Both extrinsic and intrinsic motivators were important in predicting likelihood to pursue a digital badge. The influence of challenges did not explain the variations in likelihood to pursue a digital badge. Leadership and community engagement were the top two desired digital badges.

Survey data provided insights for determining best practices for designing a digital badge to differentiate skills among students. Further research and evaluation of an implemented digital badge is necessary for defining best practices in digital badging.
Survey data provided insights for determining best practices for designing a digital badge to differentiate skills among students. Further research and evaluation of an implemented digital badge is necessary for defining best practices in digital badging.
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