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Finally, we apply the method to Varian's Millennium120 and HD120 MLCs in a TrueBeam linear accelerator for different energies and determine the optimal configuration parameters. The proposed procedure is much faster and streamlined than the typical trial-and-error methods and increases the accuracy of dose calculation in clinical plans. Additionally, the procedure can be useful for standardising the MLC configuration process and it exposes the limitations of the implemented MLC model, providing guidance for further improvement of these models in TPSs. Creative Commons Attribution license.Here we present a method to control the size of the openings in hexagonally organized BCP thin films of poly(styrene)-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS b P4VP) by using surface reconstruction. The surface reconstruction is based on selective swelling of the P4VP block in ethanol, and its extraction to the surface of the film, resulting in pores upon drying. We found that the BCP pore diameter increases with ethanol immersion temperature. In our case, the temperature range 18 to 60°C allowed fine-tuning of the pore size between 14 and 22 nm. A conclusion is that even though the molecular weight of the respective polymer blocks is fixed, the PS-b-P4VP pore diameter can be tuned by controlling temperature during surface reconstruction. These results can be used for BCP-based nanofabrication in general, and for vertical nanowire growth in particular, where high pattern density and diameter control are of importance. Finally, we demonstrate successful growth of InAs vertical nanowires by selective-area metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (SA-MOVPE), using a silicon nitride mask patterned by the proposed PS-b-P4VP surface reconstruction lithography method. Creative Commons Attribution license.Our work highlights the functionality of a novel two-dimensional phosphorene allotrope entitled green phosphorene for inorganic gas detection for the first time. Four inorganic molecules, NH3, SO2, HCN and O3, are considered as adsorbates and the adsorption conformation, adsorption energy, charge transfer, density of states, and electronic band structure are systematically scrutinized based on density functional theory. Our calculations show that the adsorption energy of O3 on pristine green phosphorene is the lowest among the four considered gas molecules, suggesting that the substrate is more sensitive to O3. Significant changes in electronic structures confirm the possibility of green phosphorene for O3 detection. Biaxial strains and electric fields were applied to investigate the changes in adsorption behavior. The presence of compressive strain could enhance adsorption sensitivity between O3 and green phosphorene, while the tensile strain induces the dissociative adsorption that not suitable for reversible sensor. Furthermore, by controlling the orientation of external electric field, it is possible to achieve O3 adsorption-desorption cycle, which is of great significance for green phosphorene in the application of reversible gas sensor. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.OBJECTIVE Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) activates brain structures non-invasively. Computational models can be used to elucidate the activation site; however, the exact activation site is controversial. The aim is to present an imaging technique of the TMS activation cortical site estimation using individualized multi-scale realistic head models based on experimentally-derived TMS fields. APPROACH The induced electric field (EF) was computed using subject-specific head models and experimental-specific TMS coil configuration during suprathreshold stimulation for relaxed muscles. The experimentally-derived EFs were used to calculate the activation of pyramidal tract model embedded in the head models to derive the activation site on the cortical surface at the macroscopic level. MAIN RESULT The TMS activation site was located at the anterior wall of the central sulcus, which agreed with a concurrent TMS/fMRI study. In contrast, the EF strength was not entirely consistent with TMS/fMRI studies. Multiscale physical modelling is a feasible imaging technique to investigate the activation site for TMS. SIGNIFICANCE By combining subject-specific multiscale modelling with experimental TMS measurements, we showed that this method could serve as a TMS imaging technique at suprathreshold condition. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.In this paper, we investigate the effect of waveform and carrier-envelope phase on the electron dynamics in monolayer $textMoS_2$ interacting with an ultrashort (few-femtosecond) optical pulse in the presence of magnetic exchange field. The waveform of the zero area pulse is characterized by Hermite-Gaussian polynomials associated with time-dependent and carrier-envelope phases. Because the duration of optical pulse is less than the characteristic electron scattering time ($10-100 fs$), the electron dynamics is coherent, and can be described by the time-dependent Schr$stackrel..texto$dinger equation. We show, that the electron transition from valence band to conduction band is a deeply irreversible dynamics, which implies quantum electron dynamics is highly nonadiabatic. We study the effect of carrier-envelope phase and exchange field on the conduction band population for two types of waveform. Electron distribution in reciprocal space gives asymmetric hot spots in different $K$ and $K^prime$ valleys after the pulse ends (valley polarization effect), which is found to be more sensitive to carrier-envelope phase. The predicted effect provides new opportunities for the improvement of information processing in the petahertz domain and optoelectronics applications. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.Electronic structure calculations based on density functional theory were performed to investigate structural, mechanical and electronic properties of the phosphorene-based large honeycomb dumbbell (LHD) hybrid structures and a new phosphorene allotrope, referred to as ψ"-P. The LHD hybrids (i.e. X6P4; X being C/Si/Ge/Sn) and ψ"-P have significantly higher bandgaps than the corresponding pristine LHD structures except the case of C6P4, which is metallic. ψ"-P is found to be highly flexible p-type material which shows strain-engineered photocatalytic activity in a highly alkaline medium. selleck screening library Moreover, the carrier mobility of the considered systems comes out to be as high as 105 cm2V-1s-1 (Specifically the electron mobility of LHD structures). The calculated STM images display the surface morphologies of LHD hybrids and ψ"-P. It is expected that the predicted phosphorous-based 2D structures with novel electronic properties can be candidate materials for nanoscale devices. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.
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