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Deciding a safe maximum associated with oxygen supplementation regarding adult patients: a planned out evaluation.
In addition, a degradation product 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ol (M1) from the hydrolysis of pyraoxystrobin was detected in cambisol soil, indicating the bonding of M1 with the HA separated from LCH (HALCH) via ester or ether linkages. The results provide new insights into the fate of BR of pyraoxystrobin in soils and may help to develop an understanding for the risk assessment of pyraoxystrobin and other strobilurin fungicides.The objective of the present study is to evaluate the presence, seasonal variability and impact of plastic additives along the Besos river basin (Catalonia, Spain). This river flows through a highly urbanized and industrialized area with discharge of >25 Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) and with large amounts of floating plastics. Compounds studied included 5 phthalates, its substitutes acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) and bis(2-ehtylhexyl) adipate, 12 long and short chain alkylphenols, bisphenol A and benzophenone, most of them high volume production chemicals. 2-Aminoethyl manufacturer High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was used to determine ng/L concentrations. Toxicity evaluation was performed for each individual compound using Daphnia magna as test organism and it was found that the effect concentration (EC50) decreased with increasing octanol-water partition coefficients. The EC50 values calculated and Measured Environmental Concentrations were used to determine the risk quotients. Only diethylhexylphthalate, nonylphenol and octylphenol, with median concentrations from 41.9 to 826 ng/L, caused a small risk mostly in downstream waters with 50-75% of the samples overpassing the Environmental Quality Standards set by the European Union. Seasonal variations were observed with higher levels in summer due to low water flows. WWTPs effluents and leaching from floating plastics or microplastics were presumably main sources of pollution.Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting compound that impairs testosterone synthesis in male mammals. A circadian clock gene deficiency leads to diminished fertility and even infertility in male mice. However, whether circadian clock signaling pathways mediate the suppressive effect of BPA on testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells (LCs) remains unknown. The present study aims to detect the effect of BPA on cellular circadian clock and testosterone synthesis in mouse LCs, and examine the mechanisms underlying NR1D1 signaling. BPA treatment significantly attenuated the transcription levels of Nr1d1 and steroidogenic genes (Hsd3b2 and Hsd17b3) in TM3 cells, but increased other circadian clock gene levels (Per2 and Dbp). BPA treatment also significantly downregulated NR1D1 and StAR protein expression, but upregulated BMAL1 protein expression in TM3 cells. Furthermore, there was a marked decline in testosterone production in BPA-treated TM3 cells. Intraperitoneal injection of BPA profoundly reduced NR1D1 and StAR protein levels and steroidogenic gene transcription levels (Cyp11a1, Hsd3b2, and Hsd17b3), while enhancing BMAL1 protein and other circadian clock gene (Per2 and Dbp) levels in mouse testes. Notably, serum testosterone levels were also drastically reduced in BPA-treated mice. Moreover, SR9009, an NR1D1 agonist, augmented testosterone production in TM3 cells via elevated expression of steroidogenic genes (StAR, Cyp11a1 and Hsd17b3). Conversely, Nr1d1 knockdown inhibited testosterone accumulation and attenuated steroidogenic gene expression. Moreover, treatment with SR9009 partially reversed the BPA effect on the circadian clock and testosterone production. Taken together, our study demonstrates that BPA perturbs testosterone production, at least partially, via inhibiting NR1D1 signaling in LCs.Bisphenol S (BPS) is a main substitute for bisphenol A, which are ubiquitous in human daily products. Newborn mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) is considered as a marker for biological aging and human health, and has been related to diseases in later life. We recruited 762 mother-newborn pairs in a birth cohort study between 2013 and 2015 in Wuhan, China. Urinary BPS concentrations were detected using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). MtDNAcn from cord blood was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). We applied multiple informant models based on generalized estimating equations to assess the associations between prenatal BPS exposure and mtDNAcn. The median urine concentrations of BPS were 0.32 μg/L, 0.34 μg/L, and 0.36 μg/L in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. In the multiple informant models, we observed significant associations between BPS and mtDNAcn among male newborns. Compared with the lowest quarters, the second, third, and the highest quarter of BPS level were associated with 58.00% (95% CI 76.58%, -24.66%), 64.65% (95% CI 79.40%, -39.33%) and 59.07% (95% CI 75.16%, -32.58%) reductions of mtDNAcn in the first trimester, respectively. No significant associations were found in the second and third trimesters. The associations between BPS and mtDNAcn were not found among female newborns. Findings from this study suggested that BPS exposure was related to decreased mtDNAcn in male newborns. The first trimester was identified as the critical windows for BPS exposure during pregnancy.Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a persistent organic pollutant and endocrine disruptor that can compromise the steroidogenesis process by interacting with the StAR protein, causing adverse effects on male reproduction. However, consequences of prepubertal BaP exposure and its impacts on adult life are yet unknown. This study investigated the effects of BaP exposure from the juvenile period to peripubertal on reproductive parameters in adult male rats. Males were exposed to 0; 0.1; 1 or 10 μg/kg/day of BaP from post-natal (PND) 23 to PND 53 (by gavage). The lowest dose of BaP was able to compromise the male copulatory behavior, as evidenced by the delay in the first mount, intromission and ejaculation. Furthermore, BaP-treated groups showed lower sperm quality (disrupted motility and morphology) and quantity, reduced relative weights of the thyroid and seminal gland. Serum testosterone levels and the Leydig cells nuclei volume were decreased by BaP exposure whereas the StAR expression was increased. Histopathological changes in the testis also were detected in the males exposed to BaP.
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