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Assessment of (Your five + Two) Cycloadditions Involving Oxidopyrylium and Oxidopyridinium Ions: Comparative Reactivities.
A total of 39 positive strains were identified, with positive isolation rate as 45.35%. Phylogenetic analysis on the VP1 sequences of CoxA6 strains in this study revealed that CoxA6 strains belonged to sub-genotypes D3a and D3b. Conclusions Severe and fatal HFMD cases that caused by other enterovirus in Hebei province was with seasonal feature, consistent with the overall trend of this disease, 2013-2017. Olaparib PARP inhibitor No new evolutionary branch appeared in the CoxA6 strain.Objective To evaluate the incidence intensity of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in 2018/2019 season in southern China by Moving Epidemic Method (MEM), and compare the intensity among provinces, so as to provide basis for optimizing the allocation of public health resources. Methods The weekly incidence data of HFMD of children under 5 years old in 15 provinces of southern China from March 1, 2012 to February 28, 2019 were collected from Disease Surveillance Reporting System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the epidemic intensity threshold of each province in southern China during this period was calculated and evaluated by MEM. Results In the first incidence peak of 2018/2019 HFMD season, in 15 provinces in the south China, 6 provinces (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan and Yunnan) reported very high incidence rates in children under 5 years old while Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan provinces had low incidence level. In the second incidence peak, the incidences in 6 pn from all areas and timely implementation of prevention and control measures.Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of fatal cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children under 5 years old in China from 2008 to 2018, and provide evidence for the development of targeted prevention and control measures and reduction of the incidence of fatal HFMD cases. Methods The incidence data of reported HFMD cases in China during 2008-2018 were collected from the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance Reporting System of China for the analyses on the demographic characteristics, spatial distribution, diagnosis or reporting and pathogen spectrum of the HFMD cases. Then the risk factors causing deaths were analyzed by using logistic regression model. Results From 2008 to 2018, a total of 3 646 fatal cases of HFMD in children under 5 years old were reported in China. There were more fatal HFMD cases in boys than in girls (1.82∶1), the death mainly occurred in age group 0 to 2 years (87.71%). Adjusted mortality rate of HFMD in children under 5 years ostern provinces and rural areas.Objective To understand the awareness of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) status and awareness of COPD-related knowledge and its influencing factors in COPD patients aged ≥40 years in China in 2014-2015. Methods The study subjects were selected through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling from 125 COPD surveillance points in 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) in China. The number of the subjects was 75 107. The relevant variables about COPD diagnosis and COPD-related knowledge awareness were collected by electronic questionnaire in face to face interviews. A total of 9 134 participates with post-bronchodilator FEV(1)/FVC less then 70% were diagnosed with COPD. Based on the complex sampling design, the awareness rate of COPD status and related knowledge were estimated, and the influencing factors were analyzed. Results A total of 9 132 COPD patients were included in the analysis. Among COPD patients aged ≥40 years in China, 0.9% were aware of their COPD status (95%CI 0.6%-1.1%), ary function test in COPD patients in China were low. The comprehensive intervention of COPD should be carried out to improve the level of diagnosis and the awareness COPD status of COPD patients.Objective To understand the pneumococcal vaccination rate in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients aged 40 years or older in China and provide evidence for COPD control and prevention. Methods COPD patients with post-bronchodilator FEV(1)/FVC less then 70% in COPD surveillance (2014-2015) of China were used as study subjects, in which 9 067 patients with definite pneumococcal vaccination status were included. The pneumococcal vaccination rate and its 95%CI in COPD patients were estimated using data adjusted by complicated sampling method. The factors in association with the vaccination rate were also identified. Results The pneumococcal vaccination rate was 0.8% in the past five years in COPD patients aged 40 years or older in China (95%CI 0.3%-1.4%). The vaccination rate was 0.3% in the patients aged 40 to 59 years (95%CI 0.2%-0.5%) and 1.2% in the patients aged 60 years or older (95%CI 0.3%-2.1%) (P less then 0.05). The rate was higher in the patients living in urban area (1.5%) than in those living in rural area (0.4%) (P less then 0.05). The vaccination rate increased with the severity of airflow limitation (P less then 0.05). The patients with comorbidities of other chronic lung diseases or diabetes had higher vaccination rate (1.7% and 2.1%) compared with those without comorbidities (P less then 0.05). The vaccination rate was 1.4% in former smokers and 0.6% in current smokers. The pneumococcal vaccination rate in COPD patients was associated with age, education level, occupation, the severity of airflow limitation and the history of influenza vaccination. Conclusions The pneumococcal vaccination rate was extremely low in COPD patients aged 40 years or older in China. It is necessary to strengthen the health education and recommendation for pneumococcal vaccination in COPD patients through different measures.Objective To understand the smoking cessation behaviors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients aged 40 years or older in China and provide evidence for COPD control and prevention. Methods COPD patients with post-bronchodilator FEV(1)/FVC less then 70% were selected from COPD surveillance (2014-2015) of China, in which 5 791 current or former smokers defined by questionnaire survey were included in the study. The smoking cessation rate/ratio and the successful smoking cessation rate in COPD patients, the successful smoking cessation rate in COPD patients who ever smoked daily and the rate of attempting to quit smoking in current smokers with COPD were estimated using data adjusted by complicated sampling method. Results The smoking cessation rate was 25.0% and the successful smoking cessation rate was 19.1% in COPD patients aged 40 years or older who ever smoked. The smoking cessation ratio was 23.1% and the successful smoking cessation ratio was 17.6% in COPD patients who ever smoked daily.
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