Notes

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Furthermore, high HMs and EC reduced the numbers of soil-specific bacterial and fungal groups and drove the succession of certain groups that were highly resistant to increased HMs and EC. In addition, many bacterial and fungal groups exhibited different response patterns to each HM, implying that, in multiple HM-contaminated soils, HMs jointly shaped the microbial communities. PICRUSt analysis suggested that high HMs significantly decreased the total gene abundance and most KEGG modules in the soils. High EC and low pH significantly enhanced the abundances of several two-component system-, electron transfer-, and methanogenesis-related modules. We conclude that excessive multiple HMs and EC principally repressed the microbial activity and severely drove the gradient succession of bacterial and fungal communities in the arid loess region. Huge amounts of wastewater that contain aromatic compounds such as benzene and phenols are discharged worldwide. Benzoate is a typical intermediate in the anaerobic transformation of those aromatic compounds. In this study, electrically conductive carbon-based materials of granulated activated carbon (GAC), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MwCNTs), and graphite were evaluated for the ability to promote the benzoate degradation. The results showed that 82-93% of the electrons were recovered in CH4 production from benzoate. The carbon materials stimulated benzoate degradation in the sequence of GAC (5 g/L) > MwCNTs (1 g/L) ~ Graphite (0.1 g/L) > Control. Acetate was the only detected intermediate in the process of benzoate degradation. Taxonomic analyses revealed that benzoate was degraded by Syntrophus to acetate and H2, which were subsequently converted to methane by Methanosarcina (both acetoclastic methanogens and hydrogenotrophic methanogens) and Methanoculleus (hydrogenotrophic methanogens), and direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) of Desulfovibrio and Methanosarcina. Thus, these results suggest a method to effectively enhance the removal of aromatic compounds and methane recovery. Bhojtal, a large man-made lake bordering the city of Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh state, central India), is important for the city's water supply, connoted the lifeline of the city. Despite the dry though not arid and markedly seasonal climate, soil impermeability hampers infiltration into the complex geology underlying the Bhojtal catchment. Rural communities in the catchment are nonetheless high dependent on underlying aquifers. This paper develops baseline understanding of trends in the ecology, water quality and uses of Bhojtal, discussing their implications for the long-term wellbeing of the Bhopal city region. It highlights increasing dependency on water diverted from out-of-catchment sources, and also abstraction across the Bhojtal catchment in excess of replenishment that is depressing groundwater and contributing to reported declining lake level and water quality. Despite some nature-based management initiatives, evidence suggests little progress in haltering on-going groundwater depression and declines indth of benefits of improved management of Bhojtal and its catchment. There are many apple orchards on the Loess Plateau because of their economic value and aggressive expansion is planned. However, little is known about their ecological impact in deep soil water, soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil aggregation. An accurate evaluation of the soil properties of apple orchards is crucial to ensure the establishment of sustainable ecosystems. We, therefore, measured the soil water content variation in deep layers (200-800 cm), SOC content and density (0-800 cm) and, soil aggregate stability (0-40 cm) in apple (Malus pumila) orchards, black locust (Robinia pesudoacacia) and korshinsk peashrub (Caragana korshinskii). We found that (1) there was generally less soil water in deep soil under apple orchards (13.29%), black locust (12.4%) and korshinsk peashrub (13.46%) than under arable land (18.35%) (p less then 0.05). This implies that plantations caused intense reductions in soil water compared with arable land, leading to severe soil desiccation. (2) Apple orchards (1.85 to 5.49 g kg-1) had significantly (p less then 0.05) lower SOC density (SOCD) than ecological plantations (2.15 to 8.95 g kg-1). It suggests that apple orchards have a low value for SOC sequestration because their clean cultivation management increases the risk of SOC loss by soil erosion. (3) soil aggregate stability (mean weight diameter, MWD) in apple orchards (0.26-0.63 mm) was significantly (p less then 0.05) lower than under black locust (0.63-2.97 mm) and korshinsk peashrub (0.72-2.13 mm) plantations in the 0-40 cm layers, which means that apple orchards have low anti-erodibility. Our results suggest apple orchards and ecological plantations both consumed large amounts of deep soil water, but the ecological benefits (e.g., SOC sequestration, soil and water conservation) delivered by ecological plantations are much higher than those of apple orchards. In the interest of sustainable development in the region, apple cultivation should be undertaken with caution, especially in semiarid regions. V.There is increasing environmental concern about the constant presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface water, generally attributed to water discharge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that are unable to completely remove these compounds. The slight, but continuous, presence of these contaminants in reclaimed water (RW) poses a risk of chronic and sublethal toxicity, and the thyroid axis can likely be a target of many of these PPCPs. In this work, we addressed the effects of RW on the Xenopus laevis thyroid system. RI-1 price The Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay (AMA test) was used with modifications by exposing X. laevis tadpoles to RW samples, and to RW spiked with carbamazepine (CBZ) at 100 and 1000 higher than the average levels environmentally relevant (RW 100× and RW 1000×, respectively). Carbamazepine was selected because it is considered a marker of anthropogenic pollution and could have a potential effect on the thyroid axis. The morphological endpoints and histological alterations to the thyroid gland were evaluated.
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