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76) and homogeneity index (p = 0.073), respectively. The CI index showed they had a statistically significant difference. But the ΔCI was both 0.02 compared to the perfect CI index of 1. The AGAP approach reduced the bladder mean dose by 152.1 cGy (p less then 0.05) andV50by 0.9% (p less then 0.05), and slightly increased the left and right femoral head mean dose by 70.1 cGy (p less then 0.05) and 69.7 cGy (p less then 0.05), respectively. This work developed an efficient and automatic approach that could fully automate the IMRT planning process in rectal cancer radiotherapy. It reduced the plan quality dependence on the planner experience and maintained the comparable plan quality with P-auto plans.Mixtures of polymer-colloid hybrids such as star polymers and microgels with non-adsorbing polymeric additives have received a lot of attention. In these materials, the interplay between entropic forces and softness is responsible for a wealth of phenomena. By contrast, binary mixtures where one component can adsorb onto the other one have been far less studied. Yet real formulations in applications often contain low molecular weight additives that can adsorb onto soft colloids. selleck chemicals llc Here we study the microstructure and rheology of soft nanocomposites made of surfactants and microgels using linear and nonlinear rheology, SAXS experiments, and cryo-TEM techniques. The results are used to build a dynamical state diagram encompassing various liquid, glassy, jammed, metastable, and reentrant liquid states, which results from a subtle interplay between enthalpic, entropic, and kinetic effects. We rationalize the rheological properties of the nanocomposites in each domain of the state diagram, thus providing exquisite solutions for designing new rheology modifiers at will.To achieve better performance for 4D multi-frame reconstruction with the parametric motion model (MF-PMM), a general simultaneous motion estimation and image reconstruction (G-SMEIR) method is proposed. In G-SMEIR, projection domain motion estimation and image domain motion estimation are performed alternatively to achieve better 4D reconstruction. This method can mitigate the local optimum trapping problem in either domain. To improve computational efficiency, the image domain motion estimation is accelerated by adapting fast convergent algorithms and graphics processing unit (GPU) computing. The proposed G-SMEIR method is tested using a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) simulation study of 4D XCAT phantom at different dose levels and compared with 3D total variation-based reconstruction (3D TV), 4D reconstruction with image domain motion estimation (IM4D), and SMEIR. G-SMEIR shows strong denoising capability and achieves similar performance at regular dose and half dose. The root mean squared error (RMSE) of G-SMEIR is the best among the four methods and improved about 12% over SMEIR for all respiratory phase images at full dose. G-SMEIR also achieved the best structural similarity index (SSIM) values among all methods. More importantly, G-SMEIR leads to more than 40% improvement of the mean deviation from the phantom tumor motion over SMEIR. A preliminary patient CBCT image reconstruction also shows better image quality of G-SMEIR than that of the frame-by-frame reconstruction (3D TV) and MF-PMM either using image domain motion estimation (IM4D) or using projection domain motion estimation (SMEIR) alone. G-SMEIR with a flexible combination of image domain and projection domain motion estimation provides an effective tool for 4D tomographic reconstruction.Polymer gel (PG) dosimetry is a valuable tool to measure complex dose distributions in 3D with a high spatial resolution. However, due to complex protocols that need to be followed for in-house produced PGs and the high costs of commercially available gels, PG gels are only rarely applied in quality assurance procedures worldwide. In this work, we provide an introduction to perform highly standardized dosimetric PG experiments using PAGAT (PolyAcrylamide Gelatine gel fabricated at ATmospheric conditions) dosimetry gel. PAGAT gel can be produced at atmospheric conditions, at low costs and is evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The conduction of PG experiments is described in great detail including the gel production, treatment planning, irradiation, MRI evaluation and post-processing procedure. Furthermore, a plugin in an open source image processing tool for post-processing is provided free of charge that allows a standardized and reproducible analysis of PG experiments.Objective.Asynchronous brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) show significant advantages in many practical application scenarios. Compared with the rapid development of synchronous BCIs technology, the progress of asynchronous BCI research, in terms of containing multiple targets and training-free detection, is still relatively slow. In order to improve the practicability of the BCI, a spatio-temporal equalization multi-window algorithm (STE-MW) was proposed for asynchronous detection of steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) without the need for acquiring calibration data.Approach.The algorithm used SIE strategy to intercept EEG signals of different lengths through multiple stacked time windows and statistical decisions-making based on Bayesian risk decision-making. Different from the traditional asynchronous algorithms based on the 'non-control state detection' methods, this algorithm was based on the 'statistical inspection-rejection decision' mode and did not require a separate classification of non-control states, so it can be effectively applied to detections for large-scale candidates.Main results.Online experimental results involving 14 healthy subjects showed that, in the continuously input experiments of 40 targets, the algorithm achieved the average recognition accuracy of97.2±2.6%and the average information transfer rate (ITR) of106.3±32.0 bitsmin-1. At the same time, the average false alarm rate in the 240 s resting state test was0.607±0.602 min-1. In the free spelling experiments involving patients with severe amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the subjects achieved an accuracy of 92.7% and an average ITR of 43.65 bits min-1in two free spelling experiments.Significance.This algorithm can achieve high-performance, high-precision, and asynchronous detection of SSVEP signals with low algorithm complexity and false alarm rate under multi-targets and training-free conditions, which is helpful for the development of asynchronous BCI systems.
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